there are 64 possible arrangements of the 4 letter code (rna) into 3 letter codons, but only 20 (usually) amino acids. why is this?
Answers
Codons are three letter genetic words: and the language of genes use 4 letters (=nitrogenous bases). Hence 64 words are there in genetic dictionary, to represent 20 amino acids that the biological organisms use.
And you must note that more than one codon may code for the same amino acid. This is referred to as degeneracy of the code. For example, three amino acids are coded by any of six different codons, and that alone uses up 18 of the 64 combinations. Three of the codons are stop codons. They do not code for any amino acid. Instead, they act as signals to end the genetic message carried by messenger RNA.
A stop codon is a trinucleotide sequence of three nucleotides found in messenger RNA (mRNA) or DNA that instructs the cell to stop production of proteins. There are 64 distinct trinucleotide codons, of which 3 are stop codons and 61 define amino acids (i.e., UAA, UAG and UGA). A stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that marks the end of the current protein's translation process in molecular biology, more specifically in protein biosynthesis.
The number of amino acids coded by codons is
1 codons ×2 amino acids = 2 codons
2 codons ×9 amino acids = 18 codons
3 codons ×1 amino acid = 3 codons
4 codons ×5 amino acids = 20 codons
6 codons ×3 amino acids = 18 codons
3 stop codons
Total = 64 codons
To know more about Codons visit:
https://brainly.com/question/9382652
#SPJ4
Related Questions
5 grams of sodium bicarbonate, a white powdery solid, is placed in an empty red balloon 100 grams of acetic acid, a clear aqueous solution, is placed in the plastic bottle. The balloon is carefully
attached to the bottle so that no air can get in or out and the powder does not fall into the bottle. Once attached, the apparatus is placed on a balance and the contents are mixed. Bubbles form, the
balloon inflates, and the white powder is no longer visible. Which of the these statements would match your observations?
A) A chemical reaction has occurred and the mass will increase.
B) A chemical reaction has occurred and the mass will decrease.
A physical reaction has occurred and the mass will decrease.
D) A chemical reaction has occurred and the mass will remain the same.
Answers
Answer:
Im pretty sure the answer is D
Explanation:
The mass that u start with will always be the mass you end with. And its very obvious that a chemical reaction had occurred.
Hoped this help, correct me if I'm wrong :)
Which is one function of a protein macromolecules?
A. Making the leaves of plants waterproof
B. Providing the building instructions for living things
C. Cushioning the internal organs of an animal
D. Making up the connective tissue in tendons
Answers
Answer:
B. Providing the building instructions for living things
Explanation:
The function of protein macromolecules is that they provide the building instructions for living organims.
Protein macromolecules are essential for the growth and repair of damaged tissues in the body. Each unit is made of covalently bonded amino acids. They are derived from protein based meals such as a diary products, beans, etc. Most of the works in the cells requires proteins.Proteins are also polypetides.
an individual is going to have her genome sequenced with the goal of identifying all of her protein coding variants. all of the following approaches would help to maximize the sequence coverage of the regions necessary to make these identifications, except
Answers
An individual is going to have her genome sequenced with the goal of identifying all of her protein coding variants. SNP genotyping would not maximize the sequence coverage.
There are various approaches to genome sequencing, as given below:
One approach that would help to maximize sequence coverage is whole-genome sequencing, which involves sequencing the entire genome of an individual. This method allows for comprehensive identification of protein coding variants.
Another approach is exome sequencing, which focuses on sequencing only the protein-coding regions of the genome. This method targets the exome, which makes up only a small fraction of the entire genome, but contains the majority of protein-coding genes. By focusing on the exome, this approach can provide high coverage and accurate identification of protein coding variants.
A third approach is targeted sequencing, which involves sequencing specific regions of interest in the genome. This method is useful when the goal is to identify variants in specific genes or regions, rather than covering the entire genome.
However, the approach that would NOT help to maximize the sequence coverage of the regions necessary to make these identifications is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. SNP genotyping focuses on identifying specific single nucleotide variants at predefined positions in the genome, rather than providing comprehensive coverage of protein coding variants across the entire genome.
Therefore, the correct answer is SNP genotyping.
Learn more about genome sequencing:
https://brainly.com/question/319315
#SPJ11
What does stage 4 show?
A. A young female cone with fertilized eggs matures into a seed
cone.
B. A spore divides and grows into a pollen grain using mitosis.
C. Young male cones produce spores using meiosis.
D. A seed that contains an embryo plant grows into a young pine
tree.
Answers
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
It looks like the pine cone looks like is turning into a normal cone. That is why.
Answer: A. it looks as if its matured from being a young cone
Which statement about the Earth's atmosphere is incorrect? *
1. Earth's atmosphere contains the gases nitrogen and argon.
2. Earth's atmosphere contains the gases carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
3. Earth's atmosphere Contains mostly oxygen.
4. Earth's atmosphere contains tiny solid particle like dust and polletn.
Answers
Answer:
4 i think hope this helps
Answer:
number 3 is incorrect
Explanation:
The Atmosphere contains mostly nitrogen (78 percent)
What is it called when one organism imitates the features or behavior of another?
Answers
Answer:
Mimicry
Explanation:
Mimicry is an evolved similarity ( in traits and behaviors ) , often between two organisms
An example of mimicry is the resemblance between coral snakes and kingsnakes. A kingsnake is a harmless snake whereas a coral snake is a fairly venomous snake. A kingsnake looks similar to a coral snake ( mimics its features) leading to kingsnake predators often intimidated by the kingsnakes appearance, because like stated before coral snakes are venomous and kingsnakes mimic their features.
Answer:
Mimicry is the similarity of one organism (the mimic) to another (the model) that enhances the mimic's fitness through its effect on the behavior of a third party, the operator.
Explanation:
a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
What are three types of plants or trees found in tundra biomes.
Answers
Answer:
tundra, Antarctic tundra, and alpine tundra
Explanation:
iam smart
Answer:
grasses, mosses, lichen, low shrubs, and a few flowering plants.
Explanation:
Tundra means uplands, the cooler temperatures are home to plants that can grow in the shorter seasons.
Why is it important to design field studies that will not make wild animals associate humans with food?
Answers
Regions: The West Unit Test
1 of 121 of 12 Items
Question
How are tundra and deserts similar?(1 point)
both are hot
both are hot
both are cold
both are cold
both are dry
both are dry
both are wet
Answers
Tundra and deserts are similar in that both are cold and dry. Tundra regions are found in the polar regions, where the temperatures are extremely cold and the land is covered in snow and ice.
Deserts, on the other hand, are hot during the day and cold at night, but both have very little precipitation and are characterized by dry, barren landscapes. While the climates of these two regions may be different, they share similar adaptations by plant and animal life to survive in harsh environments with limited resources.
For example, plants in both regions are often small and have shallow root systems, while animals have developed various adaptations such as thick fur, hibernation, and migration to survive the extreme conditions.
To know more about Tundra regions visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/30324982
#SPJ11
Identify the phase of mitosis described in each step, and then put the steps in the correct order.
a) Cell membrane pinches inward, dividing the cytoplasm and its contents
b) Nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes uncoil
c) DNA and histones condense; nucleus begins to break down
d) Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
e) Chromosomes line up along cell equator; spindle fibers attach to each chromosome
Answers
Answer:
i think its c
Explanation:
What is a gene?????????????????????????????
Answers
Answer:
The basic unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome. Each consists of nucleotides arranged in a linear manner. Most genes code for a specific protein or segment of protein leading to a particular characteristic or function.
Explanation:
A gene is nothing more than a specific DNA sequence that contains the necessary instructions for the synthesis of a protein or RNA molecule. We can say that the gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Generally, genes are represented with letters of the alphabet.
All cells in a body have the same genes, however, in some cells, one type of gene is turned on and another is turned off, thus ensuring cell differentiation. It is worth emphasizing that, in some cases, the gene is activated at all times, as they are fundamental for carrying out basic activities of the cell.
→ Location of genes:Genes are found on chromosomes, which are made up of highly condensed strands of DNA associated with proteins. On a chromosome, there are different genes, which determine different characteristics. In humans, it is possible to observe 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males).
The alternative forms of a given gene are called alleles and are located in the same position on homologous chromosomes (genetically equivalent chromosomes). These alternative forms of a gene can arise through mutations, which cause a small stretch of a gene to change.
→ Recessive alleles and dominant alleles:For each characteristic of our body, we have two copies of a gene (one copy from the father and the other from the mother) acting for it to be expressed, that is, two alleles. Some alleles are dominant over others, that is, the presence of a single allele is able to express its characteristic. Recessive genes are only expressed in pairs.
Imagine, for example, that a certain plant has genes for red flowers and genes for pink flowers. The red flower gene is dominant over the pink flower gene. This means that if this plant inherits only one gene for the red flower and another for the pink color, the color of the flower will be red. However, for the flower to be pink, the gene pair must be for the color pink.
Why does respiration become more challenging for organisms as they become larger? (Which of the following is/are true about respiratory demand?)1. Total metabolic demand increases in proportion to body mass(volume) not body surface area.2. A higher surface area to volume ratio decreases the effectiveness of using diffusion alone.3. Lower surface area to volume ration decreases the effectiveness of using diffusion alone.
Answers
Respiration becomes more challenging for organisms as they become larger because their total metabolic demand increases in proportion to their body mass or volume, not their body surface area.
This means that larger organisms need to take in more oxygen and expel more carbon dioxide to support their increased metabolic activity. However, a higher surface area to volume ratio can decrease the effectiveness of using diffusion alone to meet this respiratory demand. This is because diffusion becomes less effective over larger distances, and larger organisms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio, making it more difficult for them to exchange gases efficiently. Therefore, statement 2 is true about respiratory demand, but statement 3 is false.
To know more about Respiration click here:
https://brainly.com/question/18024346
#SPJ11
● Hypothesis: Revise 1
To help your investigation, here is some more data about the farm.
How should I include my data?? Will give points and I picked natural selection
Answers
To write an inclusive hypothesis from investigation, it should be structured with Mechanism of Evolution, Hypothesis and Data.
How to hypothesize?Mechanism of Evolution
The mechanism of evolution that I think caused the increase in FQ resistance is natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. In this case, the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce because they are not killed by the drug. This means that the population of bacteria will become more resistant to FQ over time.
Hypothesis
My hypothesis is that the increase in FQ resistance in the bacteria on the farm is due to natural selection. I believe that this is because the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce, which means that the population of bacteria will become more resistant to FQ over time.
Data
The new data supports my hypothesis because it shows that the number of bacteria that are resistant to FQ has increased. The data also shows that the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to be found in the environment where the FQ is being used. This suggests that the bacteria are evolving to become resistant to the FQ.
How to Include the Data
You can include the data in your hypothesis by stating that the increase in FQ resistance is due to the fact that the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce. You can also include the data by showing a graph of the number of bacteria that are resistant to FQ over time.
This is an example of how to include the data in the hypothesis:
I hypothesize that the increase in FQ resistance in the bacteria on the farm is due to natural selection. This is because the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to survive and reproduce, which means that the population of bacteria will become more resistant to FQ over time. The data supports this hypothesis because it shows that the number of bacteria that are resistant to FQ has increased. The data also shows that the bacteria that are resistant to FQ are more likely to be found in the environment where the FQ is being used. This suggests that the bacteria are evolving to become resistant to the FQ.
Find out more on natural selection here: https://brainly.com/question/31234128
#SPJ1
Before converting protein to glucose or fat, the _____ must be removed
amino group
peanut butter sandwich (peanut butter and bread)
the liver converts ammonia to the less toxic urea..
Answers
Before converting protein to glucose or fat, the amino group must be removed.
Proteins are composed of amino acids, and when the body needs energy, it can convert proteins into glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis or into fat through lipogenesis. However, before proteins can be utilized in these metabolic pathways, the amino group \((-NH_2)\) needs to be removed. This process is called deamination.
Deamination occurs primarily in the liver. The liver enzymes remove the amino group from the amino acids, resulting in the formation of ammonia \((NH_3)\). However, ammonia is toxic to the body, so the liver converts it into a less toxic substance called urea. Urea is then transported to the kidneys and excreted from the body through urine.
To know more about gluconeogenesis
brainly.com/question/1425339
#SPJ11
Which cell in the brain filters blood plasma to produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Answers
Choroid plexus cells are ependymal cells that have been modified to surround the capillary loops that produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The choroid plexus is a complex network of capillaries lined with specialized cells that perform a variety of functions. One of its main functions is the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via the ependymal cells that line the ventricles.
Choroid plexus epithelial cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a process involving the transfer of Na(+), Cl(-), and HCO(3)(-) from the blood to the ventricles. This creates an osmotic gradient that promotes H(2)O secretion. A network of blood vessels and cells within the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces). Blood vessels are lined with a thin layer of cells that form the cerebrospinal fluid.
For more information on choroid plexus , visit :
https://brainly.com/question/28144947
#SPJ4
In the following scenario, identify which stretching technique is being emphasized. Choose from ballistic, static, PNF, or dynamic stretching techniques. A ballet dancer stands facing a barre on one leg and forcefully lifts the nonstanding leg back over the head repeatedly. What type of stretch is this?
Answers
The stretching technique being emphasized in this scenario is ballistic stretching.
Ballistic stretching involves using momentum and force to move the body part beyond its normal range of motion. In this scenario, the ballet dancer is using force to lift the nonstanding leg back over the head repeatedly.
Ballistic stretching is often used in activities that require explosive movements, such as dancing or sprinting. However, it is also considered a high-risk stretching technique as it may lead to injury if not performed properly.
It is generally not recommended for beginners or those with limited flexibility. Instead, static and dynamic stretching are more commonly recommended for improving flexibility and reducing the risk of injury.
To know more about Ballistic stretching click on below link:
https://brainly.com/question/30100269#
#SPJ11
A biological macromolecule is made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Based on this information, what type of molecule is this? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A Nucleic acid (Choice B) B Carbohydrate (Choice C) C Protein (Choice D) D Lipid
Answers
Answer:
D. Lipids
Explanation:
A biological molecule that is made up of glycerol and fatty acids is known as Lipid. Thus, the correct option is D.
What are Biological macromolecules?Biological macromolecules may be defined as those large and organic molecules that are important to biophysical processes. It includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids are derived from a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. Protein is derived from their monomers known as amino acids. Carbohydrates are derived from monosaccharides units such as glucose. It includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Triglycerides are a simple form of lipids that are constructed with the help of one molecule of glycerol while three molecules of fatty acids.
Therefore, a biological molecule that is made up of glycerol and fatty acids is known as Lipid. Thus, the correct option is D.
To learn more about Biomacromolecules, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/2595296
#SPJ2
How do homologous features display evidence of divergent evolution
Answers
answer
Homologous structures are present in many different species that share a common ancestor. the structure are anatomically similar and persist in the different species.
This is evident of divergent evolution because it shows that different animals come from a common ancestor but evolve o become different species from each other.
How could we slow down or help stop ocean acidification?
Answers
Answer stop using plastic.
Explanation: Hello! My name is Hunter and I am a Marine Biologist within the state of Juno beach Fl, I work at a marine center located there and I teach people about Marine life animals and some ways to approach animals, and more. And here are some ways you can slow down or help stop ocean acidification. If you care for marine animals take the decision to use glass, wooden, bamboo, or metal etensals. This helps instead of using plastic because most plastic ends up being in the ocean. studies show that about 150 animals die a day from inhaling plastic. Second, Most plastic has acid or a type of smell like the rubber gloves at the dentist, That smell and taste can be extremely toxic and deadly for marine life animals. Third, If you are a fisher or you work on a supply boat, Make sure your oil on the boat doesn't leak, Just because you call someone and they put a net around the oil doesn't mean animals can't get under the net. Animals in the ocean are free, If you're on or work on a supply boat, Make sure to check your oil frequently. Oil leaks happen more than you think if you are not experianced! I hope this helped and how WE can slow down or reduce acdification. Have a great rest of your day or night.
Scott made a model of the water cycle by filling a tub with water, covering the tub with clear plastic, and placing a heat lamp over the tub. After a few days, he observed water droplets collecting on the plastic wrap. What process formed the water droplets in Scott's model?
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is - condensation.
Explanation:
When humid air comes in contact with the cold surface and we get the water in form of droplets, it is called condensation. In other words, condensation is the change of water vapor to the water exactly opposite of the evaporation process.
In the given experiment of Scott where droplets are collected on the plastic surface which simply illustrates the phenomenon of condensation as the water evaporated due to the heat of the lamp and condensed on the surface of plastic wrap.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
condensation
True or False: Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than fermentation, but the process is slower than in fermentation.
Answers
Answer:
True!
Explanation:
Fermentation takes place at an anaerobic state so Compared to respiration the fermentation produces less efficient energy. The breakdown of single glucose during fermentation produces two ATP.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
What do you need to include for each graph?
All are important when making a graph
Equal increments (spacing)
units of measurement
Title
Answers
help please pppplleeaassee
Answers
Answer:
Grades are the depenant variable while hours spent playing videogames is the independant variable.
Explanation:
Image result for independent variable
Independent variables (IV): These are the factors or conditions that you manipulate in an experiment. (Hours spent playing) Your hypothesis is that this variable causes a direct effect on the dependent variable. Dependent variables (DV): These are the factor that you observe or measure. (Frades at school)
What would happen to the original rabbit population if you introduced another type of rabbit, one that could run faster and escape its predator?
Answers
If another type of rabbit, one that could run faster and escape its predator is introduced then the population will increase.
What is a Population?This is defined as the total number of organisms present in an area over a period of time.
The rabbit having these special features means there will be more offspring produced which will increase their number and survival.
Read more about Population here https://brainly.com/question/13403673
#SPJ9
consumption of certain low fat food that contains high amount of sugar can lead to increased fat deposition in the body. why?
Answers
Consumption of certain low-fat foods that contain a high amount of sugar can lead to increased fat deposition in the body due to several reasons.
1. Sugar and Insulin Response: High sugar intake leads to a rapid increase in blood sugar levels, which triggers a release of insulin. Insulin promotes fat storage in adipose tissue and inhibits the breakdown of stored fat, resulting in increased fat deposition.
2. Increased Caloric Intake: Low-fat foods often compensate for the reduction in fat content by increasing the sugar content to improve taste and texture. This can lead to a higher caloric intake since sugar is a concentrated source of calories. Excess calorie intake, regardless of fat content, can contribute to weight gain and fat deposition.
3. Metabolic Effects: High sugar consumption can disrupt the body's metabolism and promote fat storage. Excess sugar is converted into triglycerides in the liver, which are then transported and stored as fat in adipose tissue.
4. Lack of Satiety: Foods high in sugar may not provide a feeling of fullness or satiety, leading to overeating and excessive calorie consumption. This can contribute to an imbalance in energy intake and expenditure, promoting fat deposition.
Consuming low-fat foods that are high in sugar can lead to increased fat deposition in the body due to the effects of sugar on insulin response, caloric intake, metabolism, and satiety. It is important to be mindful of the overall nutrient composition of foods and balance sugar intake for a healthy diet.
Learn more about high-fat foods, visit
brainly.com/question/9382560
#SPJ11
help????? please and thank you
Answers
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle in order?
Answers
Answer:
The cell cycle is composed of interphase (G₁, S, and G₂ phases), followed by the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), and G₀ phase.
what im i doing wrong
Answers
gabby5792 avatar
Chaz is hom.ozygous recessive so his' should " e e" instead of "Ee" in the second punnet square
Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as:________
Answers
Quit smoking, The process of giving up tobacco use is known as smoking cessation, also referred to as quitting or halting. Nicotine, which is addictive and can lead to dependency, is present in tobacco smoke. As a result, withdrawal from nicotine frequently makes quitting difficult.
The first three days after quitting, when symptoms normally reach their climax, are followed by a period of around two weeks. It gets a little simpler when you get past those difficult first few weeks. What aids? Before quitting, you should start to create arrangements. What occurs when a smoker stops? Your breathing and capacity for exercise will start to dramatically improve.
Your chance of having a heart attack is greatly reduced. Your risk of developing laryngeal, throat, and mouth cancer is halved, and your risk of stroke is reduced. When compared to a smoker, your risk of acquiring lung cancer is decreased by half.
Learn more about Nicotine https://brainly.com/question/337764.
#SPJ4
which of these variables would contribute the least information about the community structure? suppose you are conducting an experiment on your own intestinal microbiome (microbial community) after following different diets. which of these variables would contribute the least information about the community structure? changes in the type of species interactions present in your gut microbiome changes in the population size of the most common microorganism in your gut microbiome changes in the relative abundance of each species in your gut microbiome changes in the total number of species in your gut microbiome
Answers
The variable that would contribute the least information about the community structure is the changes in the total number of species in your gut microbiome.
Suppose you are conducting an experiment on your own intestinal microbiome (microbial community) after following different diets, and you need to determine which variable contributes the least information about the community structure. The variable that contributes the least information about the community structure is the changes in the total number of species in your gut microbiome.
In community ecology, there are various factors that contribute to the structure of the community, such as species interactions, population size, and species abundance. Species diversity is another important factor that can influence the structure of the community, as it can increase or decrease the number of species present in the community.
However, in this case, changes in the total number of species in the gut microbiome would contribute the least information about the community structure because the number of species present in the gut microbiome can vary depending on various factors. This makes it difficult to use this variable as a reliable indicator of community structure.
Therefore, it is likely that changes in the type of species interactions present in the gut microbiome, changes in the population size of the most common microorganism in the gut microbiome, and changes in the relative abundance of each species in the gut microbiome would contribute more information about the community structure than changes in the total number of species in the gut microbiome.
Learn more about intestinal microbiome here:
brainly.com/question/31194276
#SPJ11