Serotonin and dopamine transporters on the plasma membrane use the to transport these neurotransmitters across the membrane O Calcium O Glucose O Proton O Sodium

The difference of freezing point of the solution is 11.5°C. The Kf value is directly proportional to the difference. The Kf value of the solvent here is 24 °C Kg/mol.

The addition of a non-volatile solute will decrease the freezing point of the solution relative to the pure solvent.

The depression in freezing point is directly proportional to the molality of the solution.

ΔTf = Kf m

Here, the proportionality constant Kf is called molal depression constant.

ΔTf  = Kf W2 1000 / M W1.

here, W1 be the mass of solvent and W2 be the mass solute.

W1 = 25 g

W2 = 0.2113

molar mass of solute M (for water here) = 18 g/mol.

ΔTf = 11.5 °C

then Kf = ΔTf M W1/1000 W2

Kf = 11.5 °C × 25 g ×18 g/mol / (1000 × 0.2113 g) = 24 °C Kg/mol

Therefore, the kf of the solvent is  24 °C Kg/mol.

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1- The edge length οf the FCC unit cell is Edge length = 4 * 197 pm = 788 pm

2- The density οf calcium is apprοximately 81.59 g/cm³.

Density is a physical measurement that measures the amοunt οf mass per unit vοlume οf a substance. The fοrmula fοr density is:

Density = Mass / Vοlume

Density is typically expressed in units such as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) fοr sοlids and liquids, οr grams per liter (g/L) fοr gases.

The density οf a substance can prοvide infοrmatiοn abοut its cοmpοsitiοn, purity, and physical prοperties. It is οften used in variοus scientific and engineering fields, including chemistry, physics, and materials science.

Tο calculate the edge length οf the face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cell, we can use the fοrmula:

Edge length = 4 * radius

Given that the radius οf a calcium atοm is 197 pm, the edge length οf the FCC unit cell is:

Edge length = 4 * 197 pm = 788 pm

Tο calculate the density οf calcium in g/cm³, we have tο knοw the mοlar mass οf calcium and the vοlume οf the unit cell.

The mοlar mass οf calcium (Ca) is 40.08 g/mοl(apprοx).

The vοlume οf the FCC unit cell is calculated using the fοrmula:

Vοlume = (Edge length)³

Vοlume = (788 pm)³ = 491,328,992 pm³

Tο cοnvert the vοlume frοm pm³ tο cm³, we divide by (10¹⁰)³:

Vοlume = 491,328,992 pm³ / (10¹⁰)³ = 0.491328992 cm³

Nοw tο calculate the density using the fοrmula:

Density = Mass / Vοlume

Since we knοw the mοlar mass οf calcium is 40.08 g/mοl, we can assume that the mass οf οne unit cell is equal tο the mοlar mass οf calcium.

Density = 40.08 g / 0.491328992 cm³ ≈ 81.59 g/cm³

Therefοre, the density οf calcium is apprοximately 81.59 g/cm³.

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A current in which electrons move at an even rate and flow in only one direction is called "direct current" or DC.

Direct current is characterized by the continuous and unidirectional flow of electrons. This is different from alternating current (AC), where the electrons change direction periodically. The reason for this unidirectional flow in direct current is due to the presence of a constant voltage source that maintains the movement of electrons in a single direction.

In summary, direct current (DC) is the type of electrical current where electrons flow at an even rate and in only one direction, which is achieved by having a constant voltage source to maintain the unidirectional flow.

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The enol form of a carbonyl compound is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the α-carbon, which leads to a greater equilibrium concentration of the enol tautomer.

The enol tautomer is a constitutional isomer of a carbonyl compound that has a double bond (C=C) and an alcohol (-OH) group. The keto form is the predominant form of carbonyl compounds, but in certain cases, the enol form can also exist in equilibrium with the keto form. The relative amounts of these two forms depend on the structure of the carbonyl compound and reaction conditions.

The stability of the enol form depends on the position and nature of the substituents on the carbonyl compound. When the α-carbon (i.e., the carbon next to the carbonyl carbon) is substituted with electron-donating groups such as -OCH₃ or -NH₂, the enol form is stabilized, and its equilibrium concentration is higher. In contrast, when the α-carbon is substituted with electron-withdrawing groups such as -NO₂ or -CN, the enol form is destabilized, and its equilibrium concentration is lower.

Therefore, the compound that forms the greatest equilibrium concentration of the enol tautomer is the one that has electron-donating substituents on the α-carbon. For example, the enol form of 3-methyl-2-butanone is more stable than that of acetone because the -CH₃ group on the α-carbon is electron-donating. Similarly, the enol form of 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-acetone is more stable than that of acetone because the -OCH₃ group on the α-carbon is also electron-donating.

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The standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf°, is the amount of heat released or absorbed when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states. For nitrogen gas, N2(g), the standard enthalpy of formation is zero, since it is the element in its standard state.

To estimate the bond enthalpy of N2, we need to use Hess's law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway taken. In this case, we can use the following reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

The standard enthalpy of formation of NH3(g) is -46.2 kJ/mol. Using the standard enthalpies of formation, we can calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction:

ΔH° = 2ΔHf°(NH3) - ΔHf°(N2) - 3ΔHf°(H2)
ΔH° = 2(-46.2 kJ/mol) - 0 - 3(0)
ΔH° = -92.4 kJ/mol

The enthalpy change of this reaction is also equal to the sum of the bond enthalpies of the bonds broken and formed. In this reaction, we break one N-N bond and six H-H bonds, and form six N-H bonds. Therefore, we can write:

ΔH° = (bond enthalpy of N-N) + 6(bond enthalpy of H-H) - 6(bond enthalpy of N-H)

Solving for the bond enthalpy of N-N:

bond enthalpy of N-N = (ΔH° + 6(bond enthalpy of N-H) - 6(bond enthalpy of H-H))/1
bond enthalpy of N-N = (-92.4 kJ/mol + 6(-46.2 kJ/mol) - 6(436 kJ/mol))/1
bond enthalpy of N-N = (-92.4 kJ/mol - 277.2 kJ/mol)/1
bond enthalpy of N-N = -369.6 kJ/mol

Therefore, the estimated bond enthalpy of N2 is -369.6 kJ/mol, which is approximately equal to 369.6 kJ/mol. The answer that is closest to this value is (c) 326 kJ/mol.        

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Answer:

The oxidation number of chlorine can be -1, 0, +1, +3, +4, +5, or +7, depending on the substance containing the chlorine. The most common oxidation numbers are -1 (as in HCl and NaCl ) and 0 (as in Cl2 )

Answer:

Depending on the chemical containing chlorine, the oxidation number can be -1, 0, +1, +3, +4, +5, or +7. The oxidation values -1 (as in HCl and NaCl) and 0 are the most prevalent (as in Cl2 )

Explanation:

The correct option is (b)- the substitution pattern could be indicated by numbering the ring carbon atoms.

What is carbon?
The nonmetallic chemical element carbon (C) belongs to Periodic Table Group 14 (IVa). Despite being widely dispersed, carbon is not very abundant in nature—it only makes up around 0.025 percent of the Earth's crust—yet it produces more compounds than all the other elements put together.

What is atom ?

The smallest component of an object that cannot be destroyed chemically. Protons (positive particles) and neutrons make up the nucleus (center) of each atom (particles with no charge). The nucleus is surrounded by negative electrons.

Therefore,  correct option is (b)- the substitution pattern could be indicated by numbering the ring carbon atoms.

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An acid chloride is much more reactive toward nucleophiles than an ester because Cl– is a much weaker base than RO– and is therefore a better leaving group.

In the context of nucleophilic substitution reactions, a nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon of an acid chloride or an ester, displacing the leaving group and forming a new bond to the carbonyl carbon. In the case of an acid chloride, the chloride ion is a better leaving group than the alkoxide ion in an ester, because it is less basic and more stable. This means that when a nucleophile attacks an acid chloride, the chloride ion is more easily displaced, leading to a faster and more efficient reaction.

Additionally, the electronegativity of the chlorine atom in an acid chloride is higher than that of the oxygen atom in an ester. This means that the carbonyl carbon in an acid chloride is more electrophilic and more prone to attack by a nucleophile than the carbonyl carbon in an ester.

In summary, the higher reactivity of acid chlorides toward nucleophiles compared to esters is due to the weaker basicity and better leaving group ability of the chloride ion, as well as the higher electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon in an acid chloride.

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When introduced to water, an Arrhenius acid raises overall concentration of Hydrogen ion ions in the solution. These H+ ions combine to create the hydronium ion (H3O+).

An Arrhenius base increases the concentration or hydroxide (OH-) ions while an Arrhenius acid increases the concentration if hydrogen (H+) ions in an aqueous solution. Because of this, an Arrhenius acid-base reaction is a neutralisation reaction when an acid as well as a base interact.

According to Arrhenius, bases are hydroxide compounds who dissociate to produce OH- ions in the presence of water, whereas acids are helium compounds that do the same.

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If 26.4 milliliters of a 3.0 M NaOH solution is needed to exactly neutralize 44.0 milliliters of an HCl solution, the molarity of the HCl solution should be 1.80 M.

To find the molarity of the HCl solution, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between NaOH and HCl, which is:

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O

From the equation, we can see that the ratio of NaOH to HCl is 1:1. Therefore, the moles of NaOH used to neutralize the HCl can be calculated as:

moles of NaOH = molarity of NaOH x volume of NaOH = 3.0M x 0.0264L = 0.0792 moles

Since the ratio of NaOH to HCl is 1:1, the moles of HCl in the 44.0 mL solution can be calculated as:

moles of HCl = moles of NaOH = 0.0792 moles

Finally, the molarity of the HCl solution can be calculated as:

molarity of HCl = moles of HCl / volume of HCl = 0.0792 moles / 0.0440 L = 1.80 M

Therefore, the molarity of the HCl solution is 1.80 M.

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According to the safety data sheet for acetylferrocene provided by Sigma-Aldrich, the lethal dose (LD50) for this chemical in rats is reported to be 2600 mg/kg when administered orally.

It is important to note that LD50 values can vary depending on the species tested, the method of administration, and other factors, so caution should always be exercised when handling any chemical.

LD50 stands for "lethal dose 50%" and refers to the amount of a substance that would be expected to cause death in 50% of the animals tested under specific conditions.

The LD50 value is often used as a measure of acute toxicity and can help to guide safe handling and storage practices for hazardous chemicals.

It is important to note that the LD50 value is not an exact measure of toxicity and should always be considered in the context of other safety data and risk factors when assessing the potential hazards of a chemical.

Acetylferrocene is an organometallic compound with the formula (C5H5)Fe(C5H4COMe). The safety data sheet (SDS) for acetylferrocene, provided by Sigma-Aldrich (a leading chemical supplier), contains important information regarding its lethal dose.

However, the exact lethal dose (LD) is not provided in the SDS.

It is crucial to handle acetylferrocene with care, following appropriate safety measures as mentioned in the SDS.

LD50, or "lethal dose 50%", is a common term in toxicology.

It refers to the dose of a substance that is required to cause death in 50% of the test population, typically laboratory animals like rats or mice.

The LD50 value is expressed in milligrams of the substance per kilogram of the test subject's body weight (mg/kg). This value is widely used to estimate the toxicity of a substance and helps in comparing the relative danger of different chemicals.

Lower LD50 values indicate higher toxicity, while higher LD50 values suggest lower toxicity.

It is essential to consider LD50 when working with chemicals to ensure safe handling practices and minimize risks.

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The magnitude of the initial acceleration of the balloon is 19.6 m/s^2.

The magnitude of the initial acceleration of the balloon can be determined using the principle of buoyancy. Buoyancy is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid (in this case, the enclosed gas inside the balloon) due to the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of the object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

In this scenario, the balloon is released from a tall building, so it experiences the force of gravity pulling it downwards. The initial acceleration of the balloon can be found by considering the net force acting on it.

The net force on the balloon is the difference between the weight of the balloon (due to its mass) and the buoyant force acting on it. The weight of the balloon can be calculated using the equation:

Weight = mass * gravitational acceleration

Given that the total mass of the balloon is 2.0 kg and the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.8 m/s^2, the weight of the balloon is:

Weight = 2.0 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 = 19.6 N

The buoyant force acting on the balloon is equal to the weight of the air displaced by the balloon. This can be calculated using the equation:

Buoyant force = density of air * volume of balloon * gravitational acceleration

The density of air is approximately 1.2 kg/m^3. Substituting the given values, we have:

Buoyant force = 1.2 kg/m^3 * 5.0 m^3 * 9.8 m/s^2 = 58.8 N

Finally, the net force acting on the balloon is:

Net force = Weight - Buoyant force = 19.6 N - 58.8 N = -39.2 N

The negative sign indicates that the net force is acting in the opposite direction of the weight. Since force is equal to mass times acceleration, we can calculate the magnitude of the initial acceleration:

Magnitude of initial acceleration = |Net force| / mass

Substituting the values, we have:

Magnitude of initial acceleration = |-39.2 N| / 2.0 kg = 19.6 m/s^2

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By definition, the first, second, and third ionization energy are, respectively are:

Al(g)→ Al⁺(g) + 1 e⁻

Al⁺(g)→  Al⁺²(g) + 1 e⁻

Al⁺²(g)→  Al⁺³(g) + 1 e⁻

Electrons are held in atoms by their attraction to  nucleus, which means that energy is needed to remove an electron from the atom.

Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is  necessary energy that must be supplied to a neutral, gaseous, ground-state atom to remove a electron from an atom. When a electron is removed from a neutral atom, the cation with a charge equal to +1 is formed.

So, in the given case, the first ionization energy is the energy required to remove valence electron(outermost) from a neutral atom is expressed as:

Al(g)→ Al⁺(g) + 1 e⁻

The second ionization energy represents  energy required to start a second electron. Its value is always greater than  first ionization energy because the volume of a positive ion is less than that of  neutral atom and the electrostatic force is greater in the positive ion than in  atom.

Then, in the given case, the second ionization energy is expressed as:

Al⁺(g)→ Al⁺²(g) + 1 e⁻

Finally, the third ionization energy represents energy necessary to start an electron from a positive ion and its value is always greater than that of the second ionization energy. This is because of the volume of the ion is smaller, and because of this, the electrostatic force is higher.

So, in the given case, the third ionization energy is expressed as:

Al⁺²(g)→ Al⁺³(g) + 1 e⁻

In summary,  first, second, and third ionization energy are, respectively:

Al(g)→ Al⁺(g) + 1 e⁻

Al⁺(g)→  Al⁺²(g) + 1 e⁻

Al⁺²(g)→  Al⁺³(g) + 1 e⁻

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The phosphorus cycle is a slower process compared to other cycles due to the following reasons: Phosphorus has very low solubility in water and, therefore, enters the food chain from the soil at a slow pace. It cannot be obtained by biological fixation from the air and has to be taken up from the soil or water.

Phosphorus is needed in the formation of the backbone of the DNA, ATP, and ADP molecules that transfer energy between cells. Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for the survival of all living organisms, from bacteria to human beings. Phosphorus is added to the ecosystem through the weathering of rocks, erosion, and mineralization of organic compounds.

However, the weathering of rocks, erosion, and mineralization of organic compounds take a long time to occur, which causes the phosphorus cycle to be a slower process compared to other cycles. It is also worth noting that phosphorus cycles are very localized, meaning they happen mostly in the ecosystems where it is found, unlike the carbon and nitrogen cycles, which happen globally. Therefore, the slower process of the phosphorus cycle is more localized and restricted to certain ecosystems, unlike other cycles, which are more widespread.

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In 5.00 g of the fertilizer, the number of moles of phosphate ions \((PO_4^3^-)\) present can be calculated. There are approximately 0.0526 moles of PO43- present in 5.00 g of the fertilizer.

To determine the number of moles of \((PO_4^3^-)\) in the given mass of fertilizer, we need to use the molar mass of phosphate ions. The molar mass of PO43- can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of each element present in the ion: phosphorus (P) and four oxygen atoms (O).

The atomic mass of phosphorus (P) is approximately 31.0 g/mol, and the atomic mass of oxygen (O) is approximately 16.0 g/mol. Since there are four oxygen atoms in PO43-, the total molar mass of PO43- is calculated as follows:

Molar mass of PO43- = (1 × molar mass of P) + (4 × molar mass of O)

= (1 × 31.0 g/mol) + (4 × 16.0 g/mol)

= 31.0 g/mol + 64.0 g/mol

= 95.0 g/mol

Now, using the molar mass of \((PO_4^3^-)\), we can calculate the number of moles of \((PO_4^3^-)\)in 5.00 g of the fertilizer by dividing the given mass by the molar mass:

Number of moles = Mass (g) / Molar mass (g/mol)

= 5.00 g / 95.0 g/mol

= 0.0526 mol

Therefore, there are approximately 0.0526 moles of PO43- present in 5.00 g of the fertilizer.

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During the alkylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, the sulfuric acid should be added slowly because the concentrated sulfuric acid on dilution gives out a lot of heat and the slow addition with cooling is necessary to avoid splashing if the mixture gets hot.

Generally a Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the usual substitution of an aromatic ring with an alkyl group with the help of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction basically belongs in the reaction category of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Basically, the dimethoxybenzene contains two activating methoxy groups, which are ortho, para directors.

The acid should be added slowly because of the high heat generated in the disassociation of sulfuric acid, it's important to add acid to water slowly instead of water to acid.

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Answer: This kind of weather would be brought by a continental tropical air mass.

Please give brainliest im correct :)

Answer:

I think it is true, but I am not to sure.

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Tornadoes are far and away the most dangerous storms in terms of deaths and injuries by an order of magnitude. Hurricanes, typhoons, and storm surges cause the most property damage, droughts and floods cause the most crop damage

The Cs+ ion forms the least strong ionic bond with any given anion. Ions with opposing charges are attracted to one another electrostatically to form ionic bonds, sometimes referred to as electrovalent bonds, in chemical molecules.

two ionic bonds When certain electrons are completely transported from one atom to another, ionic connections are formed. A negatively charged ion known as a cation is created when an atom loses one or more electrons. An anion, or negatively charged ion, is created when an atom accepts one or more electrons.

Significant Lessons. Ionic materials have high melting points. Ionic substances are stiff and brittle. An ionic substance splits into ions when it is dissolved in water.

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Energy is taken in by a system from its surroundings during endothermic reactions. In a chemical equation or reaction, this means that the products will have more energy than the reactants.

Exothermic means that the chemical reaction releases energy. In exothermic reactions, bonds are broken in the reactants, but more energy is expended when the bonds are broken in the products. Endothermic chemical processes are those that take in energy.

Reactions that are endothermic are the reverse of those that are exothermic. Their surroundings heat them up, which they absorb. Therefore, endothermic reactions result in a cooler environment around them. This sort of interaction is demonstrated by the melting of ice.

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In the given section, a mole can be defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same number of entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12.

n grams and moles are related to the number of atoms, molecules, or other particles because one mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles, which is 6.022 x 10²³ particles per mole.

For example, if you have 10 moles of a substance, then you have 6.022 x 10²⁴ particles of that substance. The relationship between moles and the number of particles is directly proportional to each other.

Therefore, if you increase the number of moles of a substance, you increase the number of particles of that substance.The number of atoms, molecules, or other particles in a sample is related to the mass of the sample.

The number of moles of a substance is proportional to the mass of the sample.

The relationship between the number of moles and the mass of a substance is given by the formula : n = m / M

where n = no. of moles ;

m = mass of the substance (in g) ;

M = molar mass of the substance in grams per mole.

Thus, the required answer is explained above.

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Answer:

H+ (hydrogen) ions

Explanation:

Answer:

H+ (hydrogen) ions

Explanation:

Answer: They result from the earth's gravitational pull from the moon and, to a lesser extent, the sun.

Explanation:

They result from the earth's gravitational pull from the moon and, to a lesser extent, the sun. A shore experiences a high tide when the wave's highest point, or the crest, reaches it. A coast experiences a low tide when the trough, or lowest point, approaches it.

The relationship between food and photosynthesis illustrate the law of thermodynamics in various ways, as follows:Law of ThermodynamicsThe law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but it can neither be created nor destroyed.

However, the overall amount of energy in a closed system will remain constant.Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods, such as glucose, by converting carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.FoodPhotosynthesis provides food for the plants and other organisms which feed on them. In other words, food is produced through photosynthesis in plants, which can be consumed by other organisms.Relationship between Food and PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis produces food through the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Food is consumed by organisms who need energy for their metabolism. Therefore, the relationship between food and photosynthesis is symbiotic. As one process produces food, the other consumes it. Hence, the law of thermodynamics applies because energy is neither created nor destroyed in the process. The energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy in the form of glucose, which is then consumed by other organisms for their own energy requirements. This constant flow of energy from one organism to another illustrates the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

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The H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) and HSO₄⁻ (hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate ion) are considered a conjugate acid-base pair. The correct answer is yes.

H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) and  HSO₄⁻ (hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate ion) form a conjugate acid-base pair. In the context of the Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid donates a proton (H+), while a base accepts a proton. When H2SO4 donates a proton, it becomes  HSO₄⁻.

Conversely, when  HSO₄⁻ accepts a proton, it reforms H₂SO₄. They are interconnected through the transfer of a proton, thus qualifying as a conjugate acid-base pair. This relationship allows for the reversible conversion between the two species through proton transfer reactions. Therefore, yes, H₂SO₄ and HSO₄⁻ are considered a conjugate acid-base pair.

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The balanced equation is: Br2(l) + 6 OH-(aq) → 2 BrO3-(aq) + 3 H2O(l), with Br2 as the oxidizing agent and OH- as the reducing agent.

The balanced equation for the given skeleton reaction is:

Br2(l) + 6 OH-(aq) → 2 BrO3-(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

In this balanced equation:

- The oxidizing agent is Br2 (liquid bromine) because it is reduced from an oxidation state of 0 to -1 in BrO3-.

- The reducing agent is OH- (hydroxide ion) because it is oxidized from an oxidation state of -1 to 0 in H2O.

The states of the reactants and products have been included in the balanced equation.

Br2(l) represents liquid bromine, OH-(aq) represents aqueous hydroxide ions, BrO3-(aq) represents aqueous bromate ions, and H2O(l) represents liquid water.

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Answer:

what is this question??

Answer:

salad

Explanation: