PLZ answer fast will give brainliest!!! Even if you can only answer one of the questions it would be appreciated.
a) Describe the differences between the R groups of the amino acids located in the transmembrane domains and those located in the amino- or carboxy-terminus of TRPV1. Describe the specific location in the cell where TRPV1 protein is synthesized.
(b) The pGoG protein leads to the inhibition of cyclin activity. Explain how this interferes with cell cycle progression.
(c) Researchers discover a mutation that prevents NFAT2 from being phosphorylated. Predict the effect of this mutation on apoptosis by the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify your prediction.
(d) The drug cyclosporin A is known to inhibit calcineurin. Researchers claim that cyclosporin A should not be given to patients with cancer. Support the researchers' claim based on the pathway shown in Figure 2.
Answers
Answer:
The perception of pain throughout the body arises when neural signals originating from the terminals of nociceptors are propagated to second-order neurons in the spinal cord or brainstem, whereupon they are transmitted to specific higher-order brain areas (Price, 2000). Recent studies have begun to elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transduction of noxious stimuli. Many stimuli have been found to activate ion channels present on nociceptor terminals that act as molecular transducers to depolarize these neurons, thereby setting off nociceptive impulses along the pain pathways (Price, 2000; Costigan and Woolf, 2000). Among these ion channels are the members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. To date, the most studied member of the TRP family is the TRPV1 receptor. This is because it is the only one activated by capsaicin, the compound in chili pepper responsible for its “hot” taste; also, inhibiting TRPV1 has been shown to have therapeutic value (DiMarzo et al., 2002; Cortright and Szallasi, 2004). Although we will focus on the presence of these channels in nociceptors, we note that they have been identified in many other cell types and in various cortical and subcortical areas (Toth et al., 2005). The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is predicted to have six transmembrane domains and a short, pore-forming hydrophobic stretch between the fifth and sixth transmembrane domains (see Figure 5.1A). It is activated not only by the vanilloid capsaicin (Caterina et al., 1997), but also by noxious heat (>43°C) and low pH (Caterina et al., 1997; Tominaga et al., 1998), voltage (Gunthorpe et al., 2000; Piper et al., 1999), and various lipids (Julius and Basbaum, 2001; Caterina and Julius, 2001; Clapham, 2003; Cortright and Szallasi, 2004, Szallasi and Blumberg, 1999; Prescott and Julius, 2003; Jung et al., 2004; Bhave et al., 2003). In cells, TRPV1 is inactivated by its binding to PIP2 and is released from this block by PLC-mediated PIP2 hydrolysis (Prescott and Julius, 2003). TRPV1 is widely expressed in central nervous system (CNS) tissue and highly expressed in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion [19]. This receptor also localizes to neurons that line the oral and nasal cavities [10], where it is found in a subpopulation of sensory afferent nociceptive nerve fibers [20].
(this is for question 1.)
Explanation:
Answer:
see explanation :)
Explanation:
a) R groups in the transmembrane domain should be hydrophobic while R groups in either terminus should be hydrophilic, and the TRPV 1 protein is synthesized on the ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
b) Cyclins cannot activate cyclin-dependent kinases which normally phosphorylate other proteins to move the cell through a cell cycle checkpoint.
c) Apoptosis will be induced and if NFAT2 cannot be phosphorylated, it will be able to inhibit ATF3 expression, which which enables activity of pGoG which will induce apoptosis.
d) If Calcineurin is inhibited, then the steps in this pathway that follow from calcineurin activation will be unable to block cell division/induce apoptosis. Since cancer is characterized by excessive cell division, this drug would be an inappropriate treatment for cancer.
Related Questions
what does dimensions mean
Answers
Answer:
you want to know what the dimensions are?
the dimensions are the height (up and down) and the base length (dotted line)
write down the steps of double fertilization
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Steps of Double Fertilization.
It was discovered by S.G. Nawaschin (1897) Lilium are Fertillaria sps.1. Germination of pollen on stigma :
(i) By absorbing secretion of stigma pollen swells up and outer layer exine ruptures whereas inner lintine comes out in the form of pollen tube.
(ii) Branched polen tube is formed in amentiferae group.
(iii) In families malvaceae, cucurbitaceae, etc. polysiphonous condition (many pollen tubes from a single pollen) is found.
2. Path taken up by pollen tube :
(i) Pollen tube pierces through stigmatic papilla into the tissue of style.
(ii) Filiform apparatus of synergids secrete some chemotropically active substances, which promotes porogamy.
(iii) Obturator (special structure) act as a bridge for growth of pollen tube.
(iv) Cations are naturally occurring chemotropic agents in the pistil.
3. Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac :
(i) It enters into the ovule by either of the two methods; porogamy, chalazogamy or mesogamy.
(ii) Irrespective of the mode of entry of pollen tube into the ovule, the pollen tube always enters into embryo sac at micropylar end (Porogany).
(iii) If enters through chalaza (base) it is termed chalazogany.
(iv) If pierces through integuments, it is called mesogamy.
(v) Tip of pollen tube penetrates embryo sac and reaches egg apparatus.
4. Syngamy (Generative fertilization)
(i) Pollen tube burst as tube nucleus disorganises.
(ii) One of male gametes fuses with egg cell or oosphere.
(iii) Deploid oospore or zygote is formed.
5. Triple fusion (Vegetative fertilization) :
The other gamete fuses with secondary nucleus forming triploid primary endosperm (PEN) which later give rise to endosperm.
Answer:
Double fertilization is a process unique to flowering plants (angiosperms) in which two sperm cells fertilize two different structures within the female reproductive system. The steps of double fertilization are:
Pollination: transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female flowerGermination: the pollen grain forms a pollen tube and grows down the style towards the ovuleSyngamy: the first sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote (2n)Endosperm formation: the second sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid cell (3n) which undergoes cell division to form the endospermEmbryo formation: the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division and differentiation to form the embryoDouble fertilization leads to the formation of both the embryo and endosperm within the ovule, which ultimately results in the development of a seed.
Fiona wants to use the scientific method to answer the question “Do oxygen levels in the air affect rates of photosynthesis?” She reads about photosynthesis in her biology book and is ready to carry out the next step. What should she do next?
perform an experiment
design a procedure
make observations
form a hypothesis
Answers
The first thing Fiona, or anyone, should do is form her hypothesis.
The hypothesis is your own proposed explanation for whatever phenomenon you're trying to study. Think of it as a predetermined idea of what could happen based on what you already know.
Answer:
The correct answer is D!:)
Explanation:
Hope this helps!:)
why do you add chilled methylated spirits to the filtrate
Answers
Answer:
The detergent breaks apart the cellular membranes and the salt binds to the DNA to make it less able to remain soluble in water (it neutralizes the charge of the DNA and it is less able to bind to water).
Explanation:
hope this helps
algae makes energy-rich carbon compounds through photosynthesis.
(T/F)
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The given statement " Algae indeed produce energy-rich carbon compounds through photosynthesis". is True because Photosynthesis is a vital process that occurs in the chloroplasts of algae cells.
During photosynthesis, algae capture light energy using pigments like chlorophyll and convert it into chemical energy. They utilize this energy to break down water molecules, releasing oxygen as a byproduct, and incorporating carbon dioxide from the surrounding environment. Through a series of enzymatic reactions, algae synthesize glucose, a high-energy carbon compound.
Glucose serves as a primary source of energy for algae, enabling them to carry out essential metabolic processes and sustain their growth. Additionally, algae can convert excess glucose into other energy-rich carbon compounds, such as lipids and starches, which serve as energy storage molecules. These compounds can be used during periods of limited sunlight or nutrient availability.
Overall, algae's ability to generate energy-rich carbon compounds through photosynthesis makes them an important component of aquatic ecosystems and potential sources for renewable energy production and biofuel development.
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A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays a role in the storage and
the release of cellular products. How do the vacuoles in animal cells differ
from vacuoles in a plant cell?
PLEASE HELP
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plant cell: they are prominent,one or more.
animal cell: vacuoles if any, are small and temporary
hope it helps you!!
help anyone ?!! need answered
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1st question is humans eat other organisms to get nutrients they need to survive.
2nd one is Eukaryota domain
Which of the following is not a main characteristic of a mineral?
A. Man-made
B. Solid
C. Predictable chemical composition
D. Inorganic
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Layers of epidermis in order
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Answer:
I think the answer is Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, and Stratum Corneum.
Explanation:
I hope this helps.
Which structure is most directly responsible for maintain homeostasis in all the cells?
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Answer:
Cell membrane or plasma membrane is most directly responsible for maintain homeostatis in all cells.
The segment of DNA that codes for fur type is called a?
Answers
Hope this helps
Which statement would be MOST important to include in a summary of the article?
A
Models are used to represent objects and events in the real world.
B
Maps can be created on paper as well as digitally in people's phones.
C
Scales on maps use measurements in miles or kilometers.
D
Microscopes use lenses that bend light to make objects appear larger.
Answers
Answer:
D.) Microscopes use lenses that bend light to make objects appear larger.
Explanation:
I believe this is correct because it gives more detail in its sentence providing more information on a subject.
Submission 3 Capstone Project: How can you make your community more environmentally sustainable? Below are 3 Crosscutting Concepts. Select two and provide an explanation for how your investigation/”research” on energy usage in the home addresses them.
1.Crosscutting Concepts Patterns: Observed patterns in nature guide organization and classification and prompt questions about relationships and causes underlying them. Explanation
2. Cause and Effect: Claim uses empirical evidence to differentiate between cause and correlation, and supports specific cause and effect relationships. Explanation
3.Explanation Stability and Change: Analysis and explanation of geoscience data and global climate models show that a change in one Earth system can result in feedbacks (negative or positive) that can stabilize or destabilize a system. Explanation
Answers
Crosscutting Concept: Patterns
Patterns observed in the natural world facilitate organization and classification, as well as raise inquiries about the underlying relationships and causes.
During my exploration of energy usage in residential settings, I discerned several discernible patterns. For instance, a prominent pattern emerged, indicating that the bulk of energy consumption in homes pertains to heating and cooling, followed by lighting and appliances. Moreover, I discovered that energy usage displays notable variations based on factors such as dwelling size, number of occupants, and climatic conditions.
These identifiable patterns enable us to comprehend the factors influencing energy consumption and identify avenues for conservation. By acknowledging that heating and cooling dominate energy use, we can channel our efforts towards enhancing the efficiency of these systems.
Patterns Cause and Effect?Utilizing empirical evidence, claims can differentiate between causal relationships and mere correlations, thus supporting the establishment of specific cause and effect linkages.
During my investigation into energy usage in residential environments, I employed empirical evidence to unveil distinct cause and effect associations. For instance, I observed a positive correlation between energy consumption and dwelling size. This relationship can be attributed to the increased energy requirements for heating and cooling in larger homes.
Similarly, I discovered that energy consumption rises alongside the number of occupants. This phenomenon arises due to the presence of more individuals utilizing appliances and lighting fixtures.
These cause and effect relationships foster a deeper comprehension of how our choices impact energy consumption. For instance, if we aspire to curtail our energy usage, we can opt for smaller homes or limit the number of occupants.
Crosscutting Concept: Stability and Change
Analysis and explication of geoscience data and global climate models reveal that modifications within one Earth system can yield feedback loops, which can either stabilize or destabilize the system.
Throughout my examination of energy usage in residential settings, I ascertained that alterations in a single energy-consuming appliance or behavior can trigger a chain reaction affecting other appliances and behaviors. Consider replacing inefficient light bulbs with energy-efficient alternatives; this simple change can prompt a behavioral shift to turn off lights when leaving a room, subsequently resulting in a substantial reduction in energy consumption.
These feedback loops empower us to comprehend how our choices can influence the environment. For instance, collectively opting for reduced driving can mitigate air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
By comprehending the crosscutting concepts of patterns, cause and effect, and stability and change, we can make informed decisions regarding energy usage. These choices enable us to diminish our environmental footprint and forge a sustainable future.
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totipotent stem cells are cells with the capacity to form complete fetus?
1.true
2.false and why
Answers
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Totipotent stem cells have ability to grow into any organism.
Explain the relationship between a thriving civilization and it’s agriculture system? In a paragraph
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Answer:
They use advance technologies in agriculture.
Explanation:
There is a direct relationship between thriving civilization and it’s agriculture system because they use advance methods and technologies in agriculture instead of traditional practices. They use heavy machinery for tillage in order to save the time, use high yielding varieties, use proper dose of fertilizers, use of pesticides and weedicides in order to protect the crop. They harvest the crop by using thresher in order to avoid post harvest losses. In short, they use all technologies available to make a higher yield in order to earn more profit.
NAFTA was signed by Canada, the United States, and
A. Brazil
B. England
C. France
D. Mexico
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
HELP!! reply as soon as possible will make brainliest ty
Answers
Answer:
d
Explanation:
The scientific community was slow to accept the asteroid impact hypothesis. Why?
A. Most global extinctions were thought to occur as a result of supernovas.
B. Foraminifera appear on both sides of the K-T boundary.
C. Dinosaur fossil evidence contradicted the asteroid hypothesis.
D.At the time, most geologists thought that Earth's systems changed gradually and not rapidly from major catastrophic events.
Answers
D.At the time, most geologists thought that Earth's systems changed gradually and not rapidly from major catastrophic events.
Grizzly bears often wait at the tops of waterfalls in Alaska. It is common for
the Salmon (a type of fish) to leap above the water as it swims upstream. If
the bears were to try to catch the fish while they were under the water, they
would have to have really good aim. Which of the following best explains
why?
A. The bears might drink too much of the river water.
.
B. The fish are swimming and therefore moving around.
C. The bear will be moving slower in the water and may not be able to
catch the Salmon.
D. Light refracts as it hits the water so the fish may appear to be in a
slightly different location,
Answers
Answer:D. Light refracts as it hits the water so the fish may appear to be in a
slightly different location,
Explanation:
Which would be the most appropriate way to represent a prominence in a model of the sun?
(1 point)
O a loop of wire extending from the sun's surface
O a feather extending away from the sun's surface
a layer of smoke on the sun's surface
O a dark spot on the sun's surface
Answers
The most appropriate way to represent a prominence in a model of the sun is using a layer of smoke on the sun's surface.
The correct option is C.
What is prominence in the sun?A prominence in the sun also known as a filament when viewed against the solar disk is described as a large, bright feature extending outward from the Sun's surface.
Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun's hot outer atmosphere, called the corona.
The appearance of the prominence of the sun is either as a flame-colored projections when the disk of the Sun is in total eclipse or as dark ribbons when viewed through a spectroscope.
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Calculate the population density of 900 sheep in a plot of land that is 3.00 km by 2.00km
Answers
The population density of the 900 sheep in the given plot of land is 150 sheep per square kilometer.
The population density of 900 sheep in a plot of land that is 3.00 km by 2.00 km can be calculated by dividing the total number of sheep by the area of the land.
First, we need to calculate the area of the land. The area can be found by multiplying the length and width of the plot of land:
Area = length × width = 3.00 km × 2.00 km = 6.00 km²
Next, we divide the total number of sheep by the area to calculate the population density:
Population Density = Total number of sheep / Area = 900 sheep / 6.00 km²
Performing the calculation, we find:
Population Density = 150 sheep/km²
Therefore, the population density of the 900 sheep in the given plot of land is 150 sheep per square kilometer.
Population density is a measure of the number of individuals (in this case, sheep) per unit area. By dividing the total number of sheep by the area of the land, we obtain the population density in terms of sheep per square kilometer. In this case, the population density is 150 sheep/km², indicating that there are, on average, 150 sheep within each square kilometer of the land.
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How does the water on earth regulate the earth temperature
Answers
Answer:
It absorbs a lot of the sun’s energy.
Explanation:
A large portion of the sun’s energy and heat is absorbed by the oceans, which causes water to evaporate. Water has a high heat capacity, and therefore absorbs a large portion of the sun’s heat, regulating the earth’s temperature.
Water heats up and cools down slower than land due to a higher _______ _______
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Describe how leaves of green plants are suited for photosynthesis.
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This is a very interesting question, even somewhat mind boggling.
You’ve heard of mitochondria, right? Organelles in embedded in the cells of macro-organisms, such as ourselves, and that carry their own trimmed down genetic code in DNA? Well their is another organelle in cells that has DNA separate from that of the macro-organism. That is the chloroplast, which is what constitutes the green coloration in plant tissue and is where photosynthesis is done in the plant. Chloroplasts have DNA also.
Now, how is that you may well ask. Why would mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA separate from that of the organism that otherwise completely surrounds and sustains them?
Scientists are pretty convinced by now that it is because both mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free living organisms on their own. At some point in the early history of life, they became symbiotic and then dependent on unicellular host organisms. The dependence, however, was reciprocated, as neither humans nor plants (with significant exceptions) can live without chloroplasts.
So the main adaptation of plants to do photosynthesis has been to incorporate chloroplasts into their own cells and then further adapt their inputs of water and nutrients to take advantage of that.
Burrowing owls sometimes build their nests in holes that were dug by prairie dogs, coyotes, or badgers and have been since abandoned. They sometimes line the nests with cattle or horse dung. Why
Answers
Answer:
To avoid extreme temperature and keep away predators.
Explanation:
Burrowing owls sometimes line the nests with cattle or horse dung in order to avoid extreme temperature. The cattle dung protect the Burrowing owls from extreme temperature of the surrounding so they make nests close to these cattle dung. These dung has many insects which is a food of Burrowing owls and this cattle dung also keep predators away from Burrowing owls.
ILL GIVE BRAINLY Match the vocabulary word to the correct definition.
Answers
Answer:
Crest = top of the wave
Wavelength = distance from crest to crest of two consecutive waves
Frequency = how many waves go past a certain point in a certain amount of time
Amplitude = the distance from starting point to the crest
Explanation:
This is what I found on the topic I hope it helps.
A scientist is trying to determine how closely related a moth species is to four other moth species. He examined the DNA of each species and compared it to the study subject. He then created this table
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Answer:
It is B
Explanation:
Species B
Answer:
its b
Explanation:
As a population grows past the ecosystem's carrying capacity the size of the population will (blank) until the size of the population stabilizes at a constant level.
What is the blank??
thx!
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Explain why chlorophyll appears green to us in terms of what happens to different wavelengths of light
that strike a chlorophyll molecule.
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Explanation:
the green wave lengths are reflected rather than absorbed since violet wave lengths have the most energy they can provide maximum energy for photosynthesis
differentiate between transpiration, exaporation and evapotranspiration
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Transpiration refers to the process of water loss through the stomata of plants, evaporation is the process of a liquid turning into a gas, while evapotranspiration is the combination of both transpiration and evaporation and refers to the total water loss from a surface.
What is Transpiration?Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from a plant through small pores called stomata. This water loss can occur through evaporation from the surface of the leaves or stems and serves to regulate the temperature of the plant and maintain water balance.
Transpiration also plays a crucial role in the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is an important aspect of the water cycle and helps to redistribute water and minerals throughout the plant.
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place the labels in order denoting the flow of blood through the systemic circuit beginning with the left atrioventricular valve and ending in the right atrium. the first and last structures are given.
Answers
Foundational dissemination is requested from the passed-on ventricle to the aorta, through the designs of the body, to the predominant or second-rate vena cava. It reenters the heart in the right chamber.
Oxygenated blood enters the right chamber. - Deoxygenated blood from the foundational dissemination enters the right chamber. - Deoxygenated blood from the foundational dissemination enters the left chamber. - Once in the heart, deoxygenated blood is siphoned from the right chamber to the right ventricle.
Blood comes into the right chamber from the body, moves into the right ventricle, and is driven into the aspiratory supply routes in the lungs. In the wake of getting oxygen, the blood goes back to the heart through the pneumonic veins into the left chamber, to the left ventricle, and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.
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