imagine a new antiviral medicine is invented for covid-19. this medicine is incredibly successful, resulting in the eradication of 99.9% of the virus in the host. evolutionary medicine predicts that the 0.1% of the surviving viral particles will develop into a resistant strain that will spread through the population until the new drug is useless. which answer(s) best explain why this happens? (you may select more than one answer if you wish) group of answer choices the new drug increases the selection coefficient to very high levels, and as a result, we are selecting for the most resistant strain possible as fast as possible. the old virus completely dies off because its population is so small making it susceptible to genetic drift. the resistant strain we observe are unrelated viruses. the reason we see this resistance arise is because the medicine was improperly manufactured so that less than 100% of the virus were being killed off. the medicine works as well as it always did. humans developed a threshold resistance to the effect of the medicine on the body.
Answers
The answer that best explains why a resistant strain of the virus may develop despite the success of a new antiviral medicine for COVID-19 is that the new drug increases the selection coefficient to very high levels, and as a result, we are selecting for the most resistant strain possible as fast as possible. This means that the surviving viral particles with even a slight resistance to the drug will have a significant advantage in reproducing and spreading their genes. Over time, this can result in the development of a new strain that is resistant to the drug.
While it is possible for other factors like genetic drift or improper manufacturing to contribute to resistance, the selection pressure from the drug is the primary driver of this evolutionary process.
In the scenario of a new antiviral medicine for COVID-19, the answers that best explain why 0.1% of the surviving viral particles develop into a resistant strain are: 1) The new drug increases the selection coefficient to very high levels, selecting for the most resistant strain as fast as possible, and 2) The old virus completely dies off due to its small population, making it susceptible to genetic drift. These factors contribute to the emergence of a resistant strain that could potentially render the new drug ineffective.
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Related Questions
which one of the types of proteins interacts directly with a stop codon?
Answers
Release factor types of proteins interacts directly with a stop codon.
A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They are named so because they release new peptides from the ribosome.
A stop codon (also known as a termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that indicates the end of the current protein's translation process in molecular biology, more specifically in protein biosynthesis. A stop codon signals the end of this process by binding release factors, which cause the ribosomal subunits to dissociate and release the amino acid chain. The majority of messenger RNA codons correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may eventually become a protein.
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Which one of the following types of proteins interacts directly with a stop codon?
transcription factor
release factor
elongation factor
initiation factor
sigma factor
which of the following is not a functional characteristic of wbcs? which of the following is not a functional characteristic of wbcs? diapedesis ameboid motion positive chemotaxis granulosis
Answers
Granulosis is not a functional characteristic of white blood cells (WBCs).
A white blood cell (WBC) is a type of blood cell that defends the body against infection and diseases. The white blood cell (WBC) is also known as the leukocyte, which is produced in the bone marrow and circulates in the bloodstream. WBCs are necessary for the body's immune response, and they help in the identification of antigens.
The functions of white blood cells are:
Ameboid motion: It means a kind of movement seen in WBCs which help to move by producing finger-like projections called pseudopodia.
Diapedesis: This is a kind of process where the white blood cells leave the bloodstream by squeezing through the capillary walls.
Positive chemotaxis: The ability of WBCs to move towards the chemical signals produced by damaged tissues or invading microorganisms. WBCs can follow chemical signals to the site of an infection or injury.
The function of granulosis is not included in the function of white blood cells. Granulosis refers to the structure of granules present in the cytoplasm of some cells like granulocytes and mast cells.
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The evolution of photosynthesizing organisms on Earth and the development of an oxygen-rich
environment led to a rapid diversification of life. Explain why there is an evolutionary advantage
tO an organism that requires oxygen to live compared to one that does not require oxygen.
Answers
The evolutionary advantage of organisms that require oxygen in comparison to others is that they can create much more energy from sunlight than others.
Autotrophs are organisms that can make their food through the process of photosynthesis by using carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the presence of sunlight. The presence of enzymes and mitochondrial apparatus can utilize oxygen better in the metabolism of glucose which releases 36 molecules of ATP in a single cycle. This provides a higher amount of energy to these organisms.
Thus organisms that deploy oxygen in their cellular respiration cycle are provided with an added advantage that they can use in body growth and development. This is the reason behind the presence of a greater number of aerobic species in the world.
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at what level of biological organization does evolution take place?
Answers
Evolution occurs at the level of populations within a species as a result of changes in the genetic composition over time.
Evolution takes place at the level of populations within a species. It is a process that occurs over time and involves changes in the genetic composition of populations. Evolution does not occur at the level of individuals or specific organs, but rather at the level of groups of organisms.
At the population level, genetic variations arise through processes such as mutations, genetic recombination, and gene flow. These variations can be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral in terms of an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary changes accumulate in populations, leading to the formation of new species through speciation. It is important to note that while individuals may undergo changes during their lifetimes due to environmental factors or individual variation.
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an organism that has had its genes altered by adding or removing genetic material
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hopefully this helps!!
A molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) has just been synthesized in the nucleus of a human cell.
Once in the cytoplasm, how is the mRNA translated to a protein?
Answers
The mRNA will attach to the small ribosomal unit and then the large ribosomal unit. Then the mRNA will be decoded with its codon's tRNA. ... The tRNA will come in at the A site and a peptide bond will form between amino acids at the A and P sites.
Answer:
The mRNA will attach to the small ribosomal unit and then the large ribosomal unit. Then the mRNA will be decoded with its codon's tRNA. The anticodon will bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the mRNA. The tRNA will come in at the A site and a peptide bond will form between amino acids at the A and P sites. Then the empty tRNA will exit the ribosome and this will continue until the stop sequence is reached.
Explanation:
Why is West Ferris not running out of water?
Answers
Answer:Pq ele é bom no que faz e está sempre a paum sso a frente da humanindade
Explanation:
During the 1900s, the following genetic discoveries were made:
DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance.
There are four bases in DNA, and they combine in a specific way. Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
DNA is a double helix. The sugar molecules form the backbone, and the bases are connected by hydrogen bonds in the middle.
Enzymes that can cut and copy sections of DNA are identified and isolated.
Answers
Answer:
There are four bases in DNA, and they combine in a specific way. Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Explanation:
What conditions would have to exist on Mars in order for humans to survive there? (Give source) (2-3 sentences)
Answers
Homes on Mars would need to resist the environment, which includes radiation, temperature changes, a lack of oxygen, and other factors. And new environments necessitate the use of different structures.
What's the weather like on Mars?Mars' typical temperature is minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit, which is quite low. Its stony surface is covered with craters, canyons, volcanoes, and dried lake beds.
Can humanity endure the heat on Mars?The typical temperature on Mars is -81 degrees Fahrenheit. Even then, it doesn't take into consideration the fact that wintertime lows can reach -225 degrees Fahrenheit. Conditions like these will require people to toughen themselves, even if the first astronauts on Mars are unlikely to travel to the poles.
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which of the following is true about science? group of answer choices experimental results can prove an idea without a doubt science is tentative and changes with new data science can answer any question about the world science is not useful in your everyday life
Answers
The process of generating and testing a hypothesis forms the backbone of the scientific method. When an idea has been confirmed over many experiments, it can be called a scientific theory.
What is a likely purpose of the hair in an adult’s armpits and genital regions, especially given that this hair grows during puberty?
Think about an animal like a rhinoceros, a deer, or an antelope. What parts of their body other than their hair must be composed of quite similar material to your nails and hair?
What kind of locations in the world (either in the United States or globally) might be easier to live in for people with Seasonal Affective Disorder? Which kinds of places might be worse?
Your friend Olivia has a blemish on her shoulder that she can’t easily see herself, so she asks you to check it out for her to help her decide if she should see her doctor. What are at least three things you would look for to help you advise her? (Remember: ABCDE!)
What might an elevated skin temperature indicate beside a fever from a cold, flu, or other typical viral disease? How might you test for an elevated temperature?
Answers
Answer:
The hair in an adult's armpits and genital regions likely serves the purpose of trapping and spreading pheromones, which are chemical signals that are produced by the body and used in communication with others. During puberty, the production of pheromones increases, and the hair in these regions helps to disperse these signals.Other parts of an animal's body that must be composed of similar material to nails and hair include hooves, antlers, horns, and claws. These structures are all made of keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that is also found in hair and nails.Locations with higher latitudes (further from the equator) and fewer hours of daylight may be more difficult for people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) to live in, as this condition is often associated with a lack of sunlight exposure. Places with more sunlight, such as those closer to the equator, may be easier for people with SAD to live in. However, it's important to note that SAD can be treated with light therapy and other interventions, regardless of the location.To advise Olivia on whether to see her doctor about the blemish on her shoulder, you should look for the following signs using the ABCDE rule:A: Asymmetry - if one half of the blemish looks different from the otherB: Border irregularity - if the edges of the blemish are uneven or blurredC: Color variation - if the blemish has different colors or shadesD: Diameter - if the blemish is larger than 6mm in diameterE: Evolution - if the blemish is changing in size, shape, or color over time. If you notice any of these signs, you should advise Olivia to see her doctor for further evaluation.5. An elevated skin temperature can indicate inflammation or infection in the affected area. It can be tested using a thermometer or thermal imaging camera, which detects infrared radiation emitted by the skin. However, it's important to note that an elevated skin temperature does not necessarily indicate a specific disease or condition, and further evaluation may be needed to determine the underlying cause.
Please answer the question which I attached to this fileQuestion 6
Answers
The relationship between individuals II-5 and II-6 is that they are a couple that has two children. This can be assumed because there is a horizontal line that bonds them from the side, and a vertical line goes down their union to part sideways into two individuals (III-4 and III-5).
the main respiratory surface in man is; Select one: A. alveolar wall B. internal nostrils C. bronchial wall D. tracheal wall
Answers
Answer:
answer is alveolar wall
Answer:
Option A
Explanation:
Alveolar Wall forms the main respiratory surface where exchange of gass happens.
The interaction between genes and development in behavior is known as:
A. extrinsic-intrinsic
B. Nature-nurture
C. gene environment
D. Developmental interaction
Answers
Answer:
B. Nature-nurture
Explanation:
genes = nature
development = nurture
In which direction does heat always flow
Answers
Describe how your hand is adapted for doing the actions you tested.
Answers
Answer:
If you can explain what actions I will answer in the comments.
If 30% of a DNA sample is composed of thymine nucleotides, what percentage of the DNA sample would be composed of cytosine nucleotides?
Answers
Answer:
20%
Explanation:
Pairing do occur between a purine and a pyrimidine base or a pyrimidine and a purine base where Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
DNA(deoxyribonucliec acid) sample is usually compose of 100% nucleotide base,
Since 30% of the sample section is compose of thymine then Adenine the base pair will also be 30% this is because adenine will always pair with thymine and each will occur in equal quantity. Together, adenine and thymine compose 60% of the segment.
While the remaining 40% of the section is composed of guanine and cytosine pairs and since the two bases will be equal in quantity, 20% of the DNA section will be cytosine nucleotide.
The process of substances using a protein channel to help move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration without using cell energy is called: *
1. Diffusion
2. Active Transport
3. Facilitated duffusion
4. Osmosis
Answers
Consider the following two statements about succession.
Student 1:
Matthew - As succession begins, communities tend to be dominated by mostly K-selected species. As succession continues, r-selected species tend to compete better and therefore become more and more common.
Student 2:
Iman - As succession begins, communities tend to be dominated by mostly r-selected species. As succession continues, K-selected species tend to compete better and therefore become more and more common.
Which student is correct?
a. Provide a rationale for your answer (2 marks)
b. Provide a specific example of succession which includes at least one example of an r-selected and one example of a K-selected species. (1 mark)
Note - No marks are earned by simply agreeing with either Matthew or Iman
Answers
Which component of eukaryotic cells is critical for the correct sorting and transport of proteins?.
Answers
In eukaryotic cells, the endomembrane system is a collection of organelles and membranes that collaborate to transport, package, and alter lipids and proteins.
Protein classification is carried out by what organelle?Proteins from the ER are further processed and sorted in the Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, where they are then transported to their final locations—lysosomes, the plasma membrane or secretion—for use in other processes.
Which organelle in eukaryotic cells serves as the main location for protein sorting?a description of protein sorting. While translation is taking place, proteins in mammalian cells are first sorted to the ER. Proteins produced on free ribosomes either stay in the cytosol or are moved to the nucleus, mitochondria, or other organelles.
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fingerprint patterns that form complete circles are known as:
A. whorls
B. irregulars
C. arches
D. tented arches
Answers
Answer:
whorls
Explanation:
Whorls. Whorls represent 34 percent of all fingerprint patterns. At least one ridge in a plain whorl pattern makes a complete circuit in the form of a circle, oval or spiral, and there must be at least two triangular shapes called deltas. ... Central pocket loop whorls make a complete circle inside the two deltas.
1. Explain five challenges involved in mobilizing deposits from
the poor.
Answers
Mobilizing deposits from the poor poses several challenges, including lack of documentation, limited financial literacy, inadequate access to banking services, informal financial practices, and mistrust in formal financial institutions.
Mobilizing deposits from the poor can be challenging due to various factors.
First, many individuals in impoverished communities may lack proper documentation such as identification cards or proof of address, which are often required by formal financial institutions to open accounts. This can hinder their ability to access banking services and deposit their savings.
Second, there is often limited financial literacy among the poor, making it difficult for them to understand the benefits and processes of depositing money in formal institutions.
Third, in many underserved areas, there is a lack of accessible banking services, with banks being located far away or having limited outreach programs, making it inconvenient for the poor to deposit their money.
Fourth, informal financial practices, such as savings groups or rotating savings and credit associations, may be prevalent in these communities, leading individuals to rely on these systems instead of formal banking channels.
Finally, there may be a general mistrust or skepticism towards formal financial institutions due to past experiences or perceptions of exclusion, making it challenging to encourage deposit mobilization among the poor. Overcoming these challenges requires innovative approaches, such as mobile banking solutions, financial education programs, and building trust through community engagement.
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A cloud of dust and gas in space were stars are formed is a _____ .
Answers
Answer:
nebula
Explanation:
Which of the following substances would normally not pass through the glomerular filter? a. water b. ions c. red blood cells d. glucose
Answers
The substance that would normally not pass through the glomerular filter is c. red blood cells.
The glomerular filter is only permeable to small molecules like water, ions, and glucose, while larger molecules like red blood cells are too big to pass through. This is important for maintaining the integrity and function of the kidneys.
The glomerular filter allows substances like water (a), ions (b), and glucose (d) to pass through, but it prevents larger structures like red blood cells (c) from passing. This filtration process helps in maintaining the balance of essential substances in the body while removing waste products.
The glomerular filter is only permeable to small molecules like water, ions, and glucose, while larger molecules like red blood cells are too big to pass through. This is important for maintaining the integrity and function of the kidneys.
The glomerular filter allows substances like water (a), ions (b), and glucose (d) to pass through, but it prevents larger structures like red blood cells (c) from passing. This filtration process helps in maintaining the balance of essential substances in the body while removing waste products.
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What is the main difference between mechanical and chemical digestion
Answers
Answer:
Chemical and mechanical digestion are the two methods your body uses to break down foods. Mechanical digestion involves physical movement to make foods smaller. Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down food.
Explanation:
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Carlos learns that all living things have cells with the same system of genetic material. Scientists have concluded that this shows that all living things had a common ancestor. This common ancestor, called________, was most likely a single-celled organism.
Answers
Carlos discovers that all living things have cells with the sequence ——————-. It is most likely that the Last Universal Common Ancestor, also known as Luca, was a single-celled organism.
What exactly is an organism in humans?An organism is a living object with an organized structure, the ability to respond to stimuli, reproduce, develop, adapt, and preserve homeostasis. Therefore, any living thing on Earth that is an animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon qualifies as an organism.
Does the word "organism" signify "alive"?A live creature that is capable of functioning on its own is called an organism. This includes the tree in your backyard, your pet guppy, and you, of course. The term "organism" can apply to anything that behaves or performs like a living creature, even though it is normally used to describe a real live entity.
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When recording a customer payment in the Receive Payments window, which account should you select in the Deposit To field in order to later group multiple payments for deposit to the bank?
A. Cost of Goods Sold.
B. Accounts Receivable.
C. Undeposited Funds.
D. Checking account.
Answers
When recording a customer payment in the receive payment window one should choose a checking account. the correct option is D, checking account.
What is a checking account?
A checking account is a type of bank account that allows individuals or businesses to deposit, withdraw, and manage their funds easily.
Key features of a checking account:
Deposits and Withdrawals.Check Writing.Debit Card Access.Online and Mobile Banking.Account Statements.The checking account represents the bank account where the payments will be deposited once they are grouped together. Selecting the Checking account in the Deposit To field, ensure that the received payments are properly tracked and recorded. This allows you to later group multiple payments for deposit to the bank.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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Properties of effective antigens include all of the following except: large molecules with >1,000MW. food, dust. foreign to the immune system. have molecular complexity. made up of repeating subunits.
Answers
Effective antigens are foreign to the immune system, possess molecular complexity, and may have repeating subunits, but their size can vary. These properties enable them to trigger an immune response.
Effective antigens possess specific characteristics that enable them to elicit an immune response. These properties include being foreign to the immune system, having molecular complexity, and being made up of repeating subunits. However, one property that does not apply to effective antigens is being large molecules with a molecular weight greater than 1,000 MW.
Antigens are substances that can be recognized by the immune system and trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, or nucleic acids. The immune system recognizes antigens as non-self or foreign entities, distinguishing them from the body's own molecules.
Foreignness to the immune system is a crucial property of effective antigens. This means that antigens are derived from non-self sources, such as pathogens, toxins, or foreign substances. The immune system has developed mechanisms to recognize and respond to foreign antigens, initiating immune reactions to eliminate or neutralize the threat.
Another important property is molecular complexity. Effective antigens tend to have complex molecular structures. This complexity allows them to contain various epitopes, which are specific regions recognized by the immune system. Epitopes are crucial for antigen-antibody interactions and the initiation of immune responses.
Repeating subunits can also enhance the immunogenicity of antigens. Many effective antigens, such as polysaccharides and proteins, possess repeating subunits. These repeating structures can provide multiple epitopes for immune recognition, leading to a robust immune response.
However, the property of being large molecules with a molecular weight greater than 1,000 MW is not necessarily a requirement for effective antigens. Antigens of various sizes, including smaller molecules like haptens or peptides, can elicit potent immune responses depending on their specific structure, complexity, and ability to interact with immune cells and molecules.
In summary, effective antigens exhibit properties such as foreignness to the immune system, molecular complexity, and repeating subunits. While size is not a defining characteristic, antigens can vary in size and still be capable of stimulating an immune response. These diverse properties allow antigens to interact with the immune system and trigger the appropriate immune responses to protect the body against harmful invaders or foreign substances.
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1. __________________is the overall binding strength that keeps an antibody and antigen together. a.avidity b.labeling c.polarization d.affinity
Answers
Affinity is the overall binding strength that keeps an antibody and antigen together. Option (D)
It refers to the attraction between the paratope (binding site on the antibody) and the epitope (specific region on the antigen). Affinity is influenced by the complementary shape and electrostatic interactions between the antibody and antigen molecules. A higher affinity means a stronger binding interaction, while a lower affinity indicates a weaker binding.
Affinity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as immune responses, as it determines the effectiveness and specificity of antibody-antigen interactions. The other options, avidity, labeling, and polarization, are not directly related to the binding strength between an antibody and antigen.
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Distention of the stomach has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands. Group startsTrue or FalseTrue, selectedFalse, unselected
Answers
After eating, gastric distention stimulates the onset of movements, having a direct stimulating effect on the gastric glands.
What are gastric glands?They are made up of secretory cells of different types and are located in different regions of the stomach.
They secrete gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus, which acts mainly on the digestion of proteins, and promote the absorption of nutrients.
Therefore, we can conclude that the statement "Distention of the stomach has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands" is true.
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