which among a - e is not a direct consequence of an antibody:antigen interaction? a. neutralization of toxin b. binding to intracellular pathogens c. opsonization d. prevent adherence of pathogens e. clump or agglutinate antigens f. a - e are all consequences of antibody:antigen interactions

Your interest in the evolution of early animals from non-animal ancestors means that you have done a lot of reading on choanoflagellates. When asked what the evidence is by your roommate, the following would you state to explain that choanoflagellates are thought to be the closest living relatives to animals are E. all above.

Choanoflagellates are simple multicellular organisms that share similarities with simple animals, they possess a collar-like structure around their single flagellum, which resembles the collar cells found in sponges, a primitive type of animal. Molecular comparisons between choanoflagellates and simple animals show striking similarities. DNA sequencing has revealed that choanoflagellates share many genes with animals, especially those involved in cell signaling and adhesion.

Choanoflagellates exhibit cellular similarities to the cells of simple animals, they possess cell structures and functions that resemble those seen in animal cells, this includes the presence of specialized structures, such as microvilli, which are involved in nutrient absorption. They also display specialized functions similar to those seen in animal cells. For example, choanoflagellates use their collar-like structure to generate water currents and capture food particles, similar to how collar cells in sponges aid in feeding.

Overall, the combination of morphological, genetic, and functional similarities between choanoflagellates and animals suggests a close evolutionary relationship. These similarities provide evidence that choanoflagellates are considered the closest living relatives to animals. So therefore  the following would you state to explain that choanoflagellates are thought to be the closest living relatives to animals are E. all above.

Learn more about choanoflagellates at:

https://brainly.com/question/13552782

#SPJ11

Answer:

- Professionals in computational modeling and epidemiologists work together to predict how the virus is spreading around the world

- Geneticists and virologists may help to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in virus replication and infection, thereby developing effective therapeutic treatments  

- Professionals in communication sciences and publicists help people to advertise the importance of social distancing and to stay home.

Explanation:

The interdisciplinary cooperation between professionals from different research fields may increase the effectiveness in the fight against pandemic diseases that represent global health concerns. In the first place, global research efforts can be aimed at creating effective therapeutic therapies, including the development of vaccines. Moreover, professionals in computational modeling and epidemiologists work together to predict how a virus is spreading across a country, and these data can be used to flatten the curve of new infections. Furthermore, it is imperative to alert the people how they can avoid infecting themselves and others.

Computers are used to create graphs, solve complex equations, and analyze and communicate data. A. Stopwatches, Meter sticks, and More One way to collect data is to take measurements. To get the best measurements, you need the proper tools.

Answer:

C and D

Explanation:

That's what USA Test Prep said                                                                                                                                                                                                        

Ciliates and fungi diverged more recently than ciliates and flagellates and  Ciliates are more closely related to animals than they are to flagellates shows hypothetical model of the  relationships between groups of organisms.

Hypothetical modeling involves the design and analysis of basic hypothetical systems to represent complicated social phenomena for the purpose of understanding those social phenomena.

Hypothetical modeling is contrasted with both computer simulation and lab experiments to emphasize its key characteristics.

In analogy with laboratory experiments, hypothetical models can be viewed of as scientific representations that aim to isolate, hypothetically, the working of causal mechanisms or capacities from disrupting influences.

Ciliates and fungi diverged more recently than ciliates and flagellates and  Ciliates are more closely related to animals than they are to flagellates shows hypothetical model of the  relationships between groups of organisms.

To learn more about hypothetical model, refer to the link:

https://brainly.com/question/9507504

#SPJ2

What keeps the airways clear are the Spirals near the airway openings.

The walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) are reinforced by rigid rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluid and foreign particles out of the airways so they stay out of the lungs.

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying ligaments, and by the trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.

With this information, we can conclude that With this information, we can conclude that the correct answer is A. Spirals near airway openings

Learn more about airway in brainly.com/question/13874056

#SPJ1

The number of chromosomes after each stage of mitosis and meiosis are:

a single parent cell's process of dividing into two new daughter cells. A full set of chromosomes from the parent cell are transferred to each daughter cell.

mitosis starts with 23 pairs of chromosome thus total 46 chromosomes are there once it completes mitosis there are same number of chromosomes that is 46

In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes.

Meiosis I begins with 46 chromosomes that is 23 pairs.

Half of the original 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, will be present in each daughter cell.

Each gamete cell has 23 chromosomes after meiosis II, when each parent cell is divided into two gametes.

For more information on cell division kindly visit to

https://brainly.com/question/13312481

#SPJ9

Answer:

Cells

Explanation:

Answer:

Cells

Explanation:

Organisms are created by different types of tissues. These are composed of cells. Animals are made of animal cells which are round, and plants are made of plant cells which are rectangular and have cell walls.

Answer:

B. Thigmotropism

Explanation:

Thigmotropism is a directional growth movement which occurs as a mechanosensory response to a touch stimulus. Thigmotropism is typically found in twining plants and tendrils, however plant biologists have also found thigmotropic responses in flowering plants and fungi.

Answer:

B. Thigmotropism

Explanation:

The ivy grows specifically on stone walls, it shows Thigmotropism.

Answer:

B. A population explosion of nitrogen-fixing bacteria would cause dissolved nitrogen

levels in the water to increase.

A population explosion of nitrogen-fixing bacteria would cause dissolved nitrogen levels in the water to increase. The correct option is B.

Prokaryotic microorganisms called nitrogen-fixing bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into "fixed nitrogen" molecules like ammonia that plants may use.

The purpose of nitrogen-fixing bacteria is to provide plants with a crucial nutrient that they are unable to receive naturally from the air.

Microorganisms that fix nitrogen can obtain assimilative N for plants in a way that crops cannot. It is absorbed by bacteria from the atmosphere as a gas and released to the soil, mostly as ammonia.

If nitrogen-fixing bacteria suddenly went through a population explosion, the nitrogen cycle would be interrupted since this would result in higher levels of dissolved nitrogen in the water.

Thus, the correct option is B.

For more details regarding nitrogen fixation, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/19938608

#SPJ2

Answer:

This is the fact because of how much they train, their bodies are regulated to that much training and just that they have done that specific athletic thing for a much longer time that their body has adapted drastically to make it easier to do that thing.

Explanation:

Explanation:

I think Trained athletes recover faster than untrained athletes because Trained athletes have more professional experiences and teaching so their body is trained for incidents and is easier to recover. I hope this helps!

Wild type and mutant are recessive alleles. The allele that is not expressed when there is heterozygosity. untamed type a person with a typical phenotype.

the trait that is typically present in an organism's natural population. mutant a person who deviates from the typical phenotype in some way. The terms "wild type" and "mutant" refer to people with normal phenotypes shared by the bulk of the natural population, while "mutant" refers to those whose phenotypes deviate from those of the normal population. Melanocytes, a kind of cell, are responsible for producing the protein melanin. Melanin has a crucial role in shielding the skin from the sun's UV rays, which may damage DNA and lead to skin cancer. Albinism is brought on by both alleles of the gene being autosomal recessive. Recessive mutant alleles are those that result in proteins with diminished or nonexistent function.

To know more about mutant on

https://brainly.com/question/28332228

#SPJ4

Both mutant and wild-type alleles are recessive. the allele that is silenced in a heterozygote situation. a person with a characteristic phenotype is the untamed type.

A characteristic that is frequently seen in an organism's natural population. a mutant is a person whose phenotype differs in some manner from the norm. "Wild type" and "mutant" refer to individuals whose phenotypes are similar to those of the majority of the natural population.

"Mutant" describes individuals whose phenotypes differ from those of the normal population. The cell type called melanocytes is in charge of making the melanin protein. Melanin is essential for protecting the skin from UV radiation, which can harm DNA and cause skin cancer.

To know more about mutant Visit: brainly.com/question/28332228

#SPJ4

Answer:

For Darwin himself these five theories were apparently much more a unity than they appear to a person who analyzes them with modern hindsight. The five theories were: (1) evolution as such, (2) common descent, (3) gradualism, (4) multiplication of species, and (5) natural selection.

The events that take place in DNA replication are II and III only: Unwinding of DNA double helix and Formation of complementary strands by DNA polymerase. Therefore the correct option is option C.

Formation of complementary strands by DNA polymerase: After the DNA strands are separated, an enzyme called DNA polymerase synthesises new complementary strands.

Using the old strand as a template, the polymerase adds nucleotides to the new strand in a complementary fashion.

Proofreading and mistake correction by DNA polymerase: DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that guarantees the new strands are correctly synthesised. If the polymerase detects an erroneous nucleotide, it can delete it and replace it with the proper nucleotide. Therefore the correct option is option C.

For such more question on DNA:

https://brainly.com/question/16099437

#SPJ11

Therefore, it is important to regulate the use of pesticides like DDT to protect the environment and the organisms that live in it.

The concentration of DDT in the tertiary consumer would be 50,000 ppin if a poison like the pesticide DDT is introduced in the primary producers at a concentration of 5 ppin, and increased at a rate of 10x for each trophic level. This is because the concentration of DDT increases as it goes up the trophic levels. The concentration of a substance such as DDT increases as it moves up through the food chain.

What are trophic levels?Trophic levels are levels of the food chain, and each level represents the organisms that eat the same level and the level below. The energy in an ecosystem is transferred from the primary producers through the consumers at each trophic level. There are three main trophic levels, which are:Primary producers:

These are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants and algae.

Primary consumers: These are organisms that consume the primary producers, such as herbivores.Secondary and tertiary consumers: These are organisms that eat the primary consumers and other secondary or tertiary consumers in the food chain.

What is DDT?DDT is a pesticide that was used extensively after World War II to control mosquitoes and other insects.

It was discovered to be toxic to birds and other animals and was eventually banned in many countries. DDT is a persistent organic pollutant that does not break down easily in the environment. It accumulates in the tissues of organisms and can cause health problems.

What happens when DDT is introduced into the food chain?DDT is introduced into the food chain when it is sprayed on crops or other plants. It is then taken up by the primary producers and passed on to the primary consumers. As the concentration of DDT increases at each trophic level, it can cause health problems for the organisms at the higher trophic levels.

For example, birds that consume fish with high levels of DDT in their tissues can suffer from thinning eggshells and reproductive problems.

Therefore, it is important to regulate the use of pesticides like DDT to protect the environment and the organisms that live in it.

To know more about poison visit;

brainly.com/question/30334309

#SPJ11

Answer: Sugar

Explanation: Fruits contain two types of sugars: fructose and glucose. Glucose raises blood sugar so id say your answer Is Sugar.

The theory of Mendelian inheritance has contributed the most to disprove the concept of blending inheritance.

Mendelian inheritance describes about how the genes are transferred from the parents to the offspring. Mendel worked upon the pea plants to give his theory. He stated that the traits are passed on in the form of discrete unit which he called them factors. Later these were named genes. He gave the lay of segregation and the law of independent assortment and a hypothesis of dominance.

Blending inheritance says that the traits that are transferred to the offspring are the intermediate form of both the parents. However, the theory was disproved later.

To know more about Mendelian inheritance, here

brainly.com/question/25301436

#SPJ4

The genotype for the enzyme that synthesizes melanin indicating carrier status is typically represented as heterozygous.

The synthesis of melanin, the pigment responsible for determining the color of skin, hair, and eyes, is influenced by various genes. One of the key enzymes involved in melanin production is called tyrosinase. Mutations or variations in the gene encoding tyrosinase can affect its activity and lead to differences in melanin synthesis.

There are different alleles (alternative forms of a gene) for the tyrosinase gene, and variations in these alleles can influence the enzyme's function. In general, carriers of a particular trait or condition possess one normal allele and one altered allele. This is referred to as being heterozygous for the gene.

It's important to note that the specific genotype indicating carrier status for melanin synthesis can depend on the specific mutation or variant in the tyrosinase gene being considered.

To learn more about melanin here

https://brainly.com/question/30102050

#SPJ4

Answer: Gene that arose through gene duplication, but by acquiring mutations became nonfunctional.

Explanation:

A gene is a functional unit of heredity formed by DNA. They possess a sequence of nitrogenous bases that during translation is read by ribosomes to produce molecules called proteins.  A pseudogene is a DNA sequence that resembles a gene, but which has been inactivated in the course of evolution by mutations in its sequence. Thus, it is a gene that derives from other known genes and whose functions are different, may have lost their functionality or have radically changed it. To this day, it is not known exactly how pseudogenes are created, however some theories are as follows:

1. A gene duplication can generate two copies of a gene when only one is needed. A mutation would then occur that deactivates one of the copies. In addition, the duplication event may not be complete, so that the copy has incomplete promoters.  

2. They may be fragments of the messenger RNA transcript of a gene may be spontaneously reverse transcribed and inserted into the chromosomal DNA. They lack the promoters of normal genes, so they are not expressed normally.

3. A gene may become non-functional or inactivated if such a mutation becomes fixed in the population. This can occur by normal means such as natural selection or genetic drift.

Answer:

True 14. Precipitates are the solid materials left behind after a liquid evaporates.

True 15. As magma cools, different crystals form in the process known as metamorphism.

False 16. When a rock melts completely it can become the metamorphic rock migmatite.

True 17. The rock cycle describes the transformation of one type of rock to another.

False 18. When sediments become sedimentary rock they often have changes in composition.

True 19. The White House is made of pink sandstone that was painted white.

True 20. Fossils are the remains of once-living organisms.

Answer:

Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size, while cell division (mitosis) increases the number of cells. As plant cells grow, they also become specialized into different cell types through cellular differentiation.

Explanation:

The most likely limiting factor in this situation is increased predation by the newly introduced gopher snakes. Option 4.

The introduction of gopher snakes to the forest likely increased the predation pressure on the kangaroo rat population.

With the addition of a new predator, the kangaroo rats may have had fewer opportunities to mate and reproduce, leading to a decline in their population.

Additionally, the presence of gopher snakes may have caused kangaroo rats to alter their behavior to avoid predation, such as by staying hidden in burrows or moving to new locations, which could reduce their access to resources like food and water.

Therefore, increased predation is the most likely limiting factor that caused the decline in the kangaroo rat population.

More on limiting factors can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/6996113

#SPJ1

Answer: Theodore roosevelt created a national game reserve and exterminated all of the deers predators

Explanation:

i researched it, hope this helps :]

To draw a polyglutamine peptide and a polyalanine peptide, you can follow these steps know the structure of the amino acids, draw a peptide bond, draw a polyglutamine peptide, draw a polyalanine peptide, and give label the amino and carboxyl ends of the peptides.

The following are the instruction to draw a polyglutamine peptide and a polyalanine peptide. First, you need to know the structure of the amino acids glutamine and alanine. Glutamine has the structure H2N-CH(CO2H)-CH2-CH2-CONH2 and alanine has the structure H2N-CH(CH3)-CO2H. Next, you need to know how to draw a peptide bond. A peptide bond is formed when the carboxyl group (-CO2H) of one amino acid reacts with the amino group (-NH2) of another amino acid, releasing a molecule of water (H2O) and forming a bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms.

To draw a polyglutamine peptide, you need to draw multiple glutamine amino acids and connect them with peptide bonds. For example, to draw a tripeptide of glutamine, you would draw three glutamine amino acids and connect them with two peptide bonds. Similarly, to draw a polyalanine peptide, you need to draw multiple alanine amino acids and connect them with peptide bonds. Make sure to label the amino and carboxyl ends of the peptides, as well as any side chains.

Learn more about peptide bonds at:

https://brainly.com/question/11559138

#SPJ11

Answer:

they cannot have a baby with a cleft chin

Answer: Container 1 is clear, bends easily, and quickly melts when near a flame. Container 2 is not clear, difficult to dent, and does not melt near a flame. Which container is most likely metal? Support your answer with evidence based on the given properties

Explanation: :D hope ligostsa

Answer:

Properties of fractions

Properties of fractions

Each crude oil fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in a fraction are mostly hydrocarbons called alkanes. They have similar (but not identical):

For example, the gases fraction contains hydrocarbons with one to four carbon atoms. These have:

The hydrocarbons in different fractions differ in these properties. For example, the bitumen fraction contains hydrocarbons with more than 35 carbon atoms. These have:

Hydrocarbon fuels can undergo complete combustion or incomplete combustion, depending on the amount of oxygen available.

Complete combustion

Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel happens when there is a good supply of air. Carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen in an exothermic reaction:

Option D is correct -  Nutrient absorption occurs in the intestines' simple columnar epithelium type of epithelial tissue.

Simple columnar epithelium, which generally comprises either apical cilia or microvilli, is the epithelium that's also frequently adapted for absorption. Your stomach & intestines are also lined with these epithelial cells. Hence, simple column epithelial cells make up the exterior of the stomach & intestines with in gastrointestinal tract.

Absorptive cells are the most common epithelial cells in the tiny intestine and colon's lumen lining of the intestines. They primarily work in nutrient export through the basal plasma membrane as well as nutrient absorption from across layers of plasma membrane.

Learn more about “epithelial tissue.”  visit here;

https://brainly.com/question/30367751

#SPJ4

Complete Question:

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

a. stratified cuboidal epithelium

b. simple cuboidal cells

c. simple columnar epithelium

d. stratified columnar epithelium

e. stratified squamous epithelium

Answer:

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).

Explanation: