What is the mechanism of action of nicotinic cholinergic receptors?
Answers
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are a type of ionotropic receptor found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Mechanism of action of nicotinic cholinergic receptors are:
1. Binding of neurotransmitter: The process begins when the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released into the synaptic cleft and binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors, which are a type of ligand-gated ion channel found on the post-synaptic membrane.
2. Ion channel opening: Upon binding of ACh, the receptor undergoes a conformational change that causes the ion channel to open. This opening allows the passage of specific ions, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), through the channel.
3. Ion flow and membrane depolarization: The flow of positively charged ions, particularly Na+, into the cell leads to a depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane. This depolarization is known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and can result in the generation of an action potential if the threshold is reached.
4. Termination of signal: The signal is terminated when ACh is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the ion channel returns to its closed state. The breakdown products of ACh are then taken up by the pre-synaptic neuron and recycled.
In summary, the mechanism of action of nicotinic cholinergic receptors involves binding of acetylcholine, opening of the ion channel, ion flow, and membrane depolarization, followed by termination of the signal.
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Related Questions
What does a plant or animal need in order to survive in a certain ecosystem?
Answers
For the terrestrial carbon cycle, approximately ____% of the carbon captured by photosynthesis is lost during plant respiration.
Answers
For the terrestrial carbon cycle, approximately 60% of the carbon captured by photosynthesis is lost during plant respiration.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from atmosphere during photosynthesis and use the process of carbon fixation to transform it into organic compounds like glucose. Plants do, however, also engage in respiration, which entails the breakdown of these organic molecules to provide energy for metabolic functions. Carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of respiration, is released back into atmosphere.
About 60% of the carbon that plants capture during photosynthesis is expected to be lost through plant respiration in the terrestrial carbon cycle. This indicates that roughly 60% of carbon fixed by photosynthesis is released back into the atmosphere through plants' respiration. The recycling of stored energy back into a form that plants can use during respiration is a normal process that occurs as part of the carbon cycle. The fact that not all of the carbon fixed by photosynthesis is lost through respiration should not be overlooked.
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25 points + Brainliest for 1st answer!
What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring generated from a cross of a homozygous yellow seed pea with a homozygous green seed pea plant
Answers
Answer:
Genotype - Yy Y - Yellow
Phenotype - Yellow green y - Green
Chickens have 39 chromosomes in their haploid gametes, sperm and egg.
How many chromosomes are found in a chicken's diploid brain cell? *
23
46
78
19
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Chromosome specimens are prepared by the peripheral blood lymphocyte cultivation, airing and embryonic, with karyotype, G and C band analysis. The results showed that the number of chromosomes of chicken and quail are 2n = 78, including 10 pairs macrochromosomes and 29 minute chromosome, but apparented differences are existed in the morphos of chromosomes, there are comparatively large difference between the number of fringe and the width of fringe of G band stripe of chicken and quail.
When Gram-negative bacteria are multiplying in the bloodstream, sepsis/septic shock can result. This is due to binding of endotoxin to toll-like receptors (TLRs) on _________ and neutrophils, provoking an uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory _________ and activating the complement cascade. These events result in a widespread, self-stimulating inflammatory response.
macrophages; cytokines
macrophages; cells
basophils; cells
lymphocytes; cytokines
Answers
When Gram-negative bacteria multiply in the bloodstream, sepsis/septic shock can occur. This is primarily due to the binding of endotoxin, a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, to toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages and neutrophils. The endotoxin-TLR interaction triggers a cascade of events that lead to an uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement cascade. These events collectively contribute to a widespread and self-stimulating inflammatory response.
Macrophages, as part of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to pathogens. When endotoxins bind to TLRs on macrophages, it stimulates the macrophages to release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These cytokines act as chemical messengers, signaling other immune cells and promoting inflammation.
The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement cascade result in an amplified and dysregulated immune response. This excessive immune response leads to the characteristic symptoms of sepsis/septic shock, including widespread inflammation, organ dysfunction, and potentially life-threatening complications.
In summary, the binding of endotoxin to toll-like receptors on macrophages and neutrophils provokes the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the development of sepsis/septic shock.
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What happens if the amino acid lose protein ?
Answers
Answer Although the amino acid sequence (also known as the protein's primary structure) does not change, the protein's shape may change so much that it becomes dysfunctional, in which case the protein is considered denatured.
Explanation:
PLEASE HELP!!
analyze the cost vs benefit of space travel
and exploration, conduct a research report and made a short
proposal to the government with your opinion to the question
"SHOULD WE CONTINUE TO FUND SPACE
EXPLORATION"
Be sure to identify some of the specific costs, and outline in
brief detail some of the positive benefits that have come out of
space programs.
Your report should be no longer than a page. Don't forget to cite
any resources using proper APA format
Answers
The Roper Center database is rich with polls regarding government involvement in space exploration,starting as far back as the 1960s.Unfortunately, space exploration in general,and public versus private involvement in it.More recently,however,there has been an increase in the type and amount of surveys on the issue.Polls from a variety of sources such as Social Sciences Research Solutions.
The space exploration industry is in a new era,and the public seems to know what they want from it.Overall,the public is largely content with NASA's level of spending,with about equal percentages wanting to see an increase or decrease.The public also values public-private partnership more than the federal government or private enterprises working alone,altough there is reason to believe that this desired relationship places NASA in the driver's seat.There is substantial academic reasoning for the differing stances on public and/or private involvement,with real examples or input from those directly related to the industry,the support one dynamic or another.
Help!!!!! 59 points!!! how do the events depicted in both the literature and historical documents you have read introduce and develop a theme refated to colonial america's identity? select two of these texts to help explain your analysis and provide evidence for your response.
Answers
The events in literature and historical documents develop a theme related to Colonial America's identity by highlighting cultural diversity and the struggle for freedom and independence.
The events depicted in literature and historical documents, such as Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" and the Declaration of Independence, introduce and develop themes related to Colonial America's identity. "Common Sense" emphasized the need for freedom and self-governance, while the Declaration of Independence formally stated the colonies' desire to separate from Britain.
Both texts demonstrate the struggle for freedom and independence that defined Colonial America's identity. Additionally, literature like Phillis Wheatley's poetry showcases the cultural diversity of Colonial America, with African American voices contributing to the development of a unique American identity.
These two texts, among others, provide evidence that Colonial America's identity was shaped by the pursuit of freedom and the diverse cultural influences present in the colonies.
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at what age does your brain reach 90 percent of its adult weight?
Answers
Answer: Age 5.
Explanation: Incredibly, it doubles in size in the first year. It keeps growing to about 80% of adult size by age 3 and 90% – nearly full grown – by age 5. The brain is the command center of the human body.
According to neuroscience, the human brain reaches 90 percent of its adult weight at around the age of six years.
Although the brain remains to grow for several years, the vast majority of its growth occurs in the first few years of life. The growth of the brain takes place more in terms of development than in size. The increase in brain size in the early years of life is mostly because of the growth of neural connections. A child's brain continues to develop and grow over time and adolescence, however, the pace of growth decreases with age as the number of neural connections reduces.
In the first two years of life, the brain doubles in size and continues to grow rapidly until about the age of six years. The brain reaches almost its full adult size by the time a person is six years old. However, the neural connections in the brain continue to develop throughout life as the brain experiences new things and learns new skills. Thus, the human brain never stops changing, and it is capable of growing and adapting throughout the individual's lifespan.
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please help I really ask for your help.what insects don't have biting and chewing mouth parts.
Answers
How are climate zones classified? What factors do we look at?
willing to give 30 points :)
Answers
Explanation:
Climate zones are classified by the Köppen classification system. This system is based on the temperature, the amount of precipitation, and the times of year when precipitation occurs. Since climate determines the type of vegetation that grows in an area, vegetation is used as an indicator of climate type.
heavy breathing to compensate for an oxygen debt helps the body convert lactate to glucose.
Answers
Heavy breathing to compensate for an oxygen debt does not directly contribute to the conversion of lactate to glucose. The process of converting lactate to glucose is known as gluconeogenesis and occurs primarily in the liver.
During intense physical activity or periods of inadequate oxygen supply, the body can generate energy through anaerobic glycolysis, which produces lactate as a byproduct. This lactate can then be transported to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis. The glucose can then be released into the bloodstream to replenish the body's energy stores.
Heavy breathing, or increased ventilation, is a response to increased metabolic demands and the need to eliminate excess carbon dioxide from the body. It helps to restore oxygen levels and remove waste products, including carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream. This process is important for maintaining acid-base balance.
While heavy breathing aids in providing oxygen for aerobic metabolism, it does not directly affect the conversion of lactate to glucose. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver independently of breathing rate and is primarily influenced by hormonal and enzymatic processes.
Therefore, while heavy breathing plays a crucial role in oxygenation and removal of waste products, it is not directly involved in the conversion of lactate to glucose.
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The question probable may be:
Heavy breathing to compensate for an oxygen debt helps the body convert lactate to glucose this process is known as? Explain.
22. A species is a group of organisms which
(a) share specific common body characteristics
(b) occupy the same position in an ecosystem
(c) are genetically identical
(d) none of the above
23. Every species strives to dominate its available habitat. The factor which prevents this from happening is
(a) the relationships between populations in the ecosystem
(b) the limits on the amount of energy available at each trophic level
(c) their own lack of genetic biodiversity
(d) their position in the trophic structure of the community
Answers
22) A species is a group of organisms which (a) share specific common body characteristics.
23) Every species strives to dominate its available habitat. The factor which prevents this from happening is (a) the relationships between populations in the ecosystem.
22) A species is defined as a group of organisms that share similar physical characteristics and are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. These shared characteristics help distinguish one species from another.
23) In an ecosystem, species interact with one another through various relationships such as competition, predation, mutualism, and symbiosis. These interactions create a balance and prevent any one species from completely dominating the habitat. Competition for resources, predation, and mutualistic relationships help regulate population sizes and maintain the overall equilibrium of the ecosystem. Additionally, factors like energy availability, genetic biodiversity, and position in the trophic structure (b, c, d) may influence population dynamics but are not the primary factor preventing complete dominance by a single species.
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Differentiate between primary and secondary lymphoid organ? Give two examples each for the Granulocyte, Agranulocyte and Fixed leukocytes.
Please answer this immunolgy question with explanation as soon as possible,You will get upvote sure for your proper answer.Thanks for your kind response
Answers
Answer:
Primary lymphoid organs are where lymphocytes are formed and mature. They provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature into B- and T- cells. There are two primary lymphoid organs: the red bone marrow and the thymus gland.
Secondary lymphoid organs are where mature lymphocytes interact with antigens. They are responsible for the adaptive immune response, which is the body's ability to remember and respond to specific antigens. Examples of secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, the spleen, and the tonsils.
Granulocytes are white blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm. They are the first line of defense against infection. Neutrophils are the most common type of granulocyte. They are phagocytic, meaning they can engulf and destroy bacteria. Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
- Neutrophils: These are the most common type of white blood cell, and they play a major role in fighting infections.
- Eosinophils: These cells help to fight parasites and allergic reactions.
Agranulocytes do not have granules in their cytoplasm. Lymphocytes are a type of agranulocyte that are involved in the adaptive immune response. They can be divided into B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that can bind to and neutralize bacteria and viruses. T cells help to regulate the immune response and kill infected cells.
- Lymphocytes: These cells are involved in the immune system, and they produce antibodies.
- Monocytes: These cells mature into macrophages, which are large cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and other foreign substances.
Fixed leukocytes are white blood cells that are permanently located in tissues. Macrophages are a type of fixed leukocyte that phagocytose foreign particles and debris. Dendritic cells are a type of fixed leukocyte that present antigens to lymphocytes.
- Dendritic cells: These cells are found in the skin and other tissues, and they help to present antigens to lymphocytes.
- Mast cells: These cells are found in the tissues, and they release histamine and other chemicals in response to allergens or other triggers.
A man and his wife are having trouble having a baby. Using modern technologies, the woman's eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband's sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is successful, and the woman gives birth to a healthy baby boy. After a while, though, they discover that their son is colorblind and has blood type O. The woman claims that the child can't be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither parent is colorblind, although one grandparent (the woman's father) is also colorblind.As a genetic counselor, you would explain to the parents thatGroup of answer choicesit is possible for the baby to have type O blood, since type O is inherited through a dominant allele.the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since a type A parent and a type B parent can have any type children except O.each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood.the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since the baby's blood type has to match one of his parents.
Answers
Answer:
its called egg inplantation
Explanation:
Someone please help me
Answers
The organism that would have the greatest amount of energy stored is the protozoa.
Does the organism at the bottom of the food web have the greatest energy?The organisms at the bottom of the food web (producers) typically have the greatest energy input, as they are the primary source of energy in the ecosystem. They capture the energy from the sun and convert it into organic compounds.
They may not have the greatest biomass or individual energy content compared to higher trophic levels.
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What must scientists assume when using scientific laws to make
predictions?
Answers
Scientists must assume that scientific laws are accurate, applicable, and based on reliable data for making predictions.
When using scientific laws to make predictions, scientists must assume certain foundational principles. Firstly, they assume that the scientific laws are accurate representations of natural phenomena and that they apply universally under the given conditions. Scientists also assume that the conditions and variables influencing the system remain constant, allowing for reliable predictions. Furthermore, they assume that the laws are based on sufficient and representative data, and that there are no unaccounted factors or biases that could significantly affect the predictions. Scientists also assume that the laws will continue to hold true in the future, allowing for the extrapolation of predictions beyond observed data. However, it is important for scientists to continuously evaluate and refine their assumptions as new evidence and knowledge emerge, promoting the progress and refinement of scientific understanding.For more such questions on Scientific laws:
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What are the degradations made by detrital rocks?
Answers
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks can be organized into two categories. The first is detrital rock, which comes from the erosion and accumulation of rock fragments, sediment, or other materials—categorized in total as detritus, or debris. The other is chemical rock, produced from the dissolution and precipitation of minerals.
Explanation:
blame the internet if this is wrong
The Hardy-Weinberg equation assumes that allele and genotype frequencies remain in equilibrium from generation to generation if the population is not evolving. true or false
Answers
True. The Hardy-Weinberg equation describes a theoretical population that is not evolving, and assumes that the allele and genotype frequencies in the population will remain in equilibrium from generation to generation.
The equation is based on several assumptions, including random mating, no mutations, no migration, no natural selection, and a large population size. If any of these assumptions are violated, the population may be subject to evolutionary forces and the allele and genotype frequencies may change over time. Therefore, if the population is not evolving, the allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant and in equilibrium, as predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
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Why do single-celled organisms divide?
A.to repair damaged cells
B.to transmit genetic material by reproduction
C.to reduce the number of chromosomes in the cell
D.to increase the number of chromosomes in the cell
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Single-celled organisms use cell division as their method of reproduction
The diagram shows the process of mitosis.CDParent cellDNA replicates2 DaughtercellsWhat is the purpose of this process?O It helps the cell function efficiently.O It helps the cell form energy molecules,O It helps the cell make an exact copy of itself.O It helps the cell increase its genetic material.
Answers
It helps the cell make an exact copy of itself.
Mitosis in a process where a cell is devided, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
How old are most of the fossil fuels we typically use as an energy source?
O 200 years old
O <2 million years old
O >6 billion years old
O >200 million years old
Question 12 1 pts
Which of these carbon reservoirs can be considered "long term" (store carbon for millions of years)? (choose all that apply)
O Lakes
O Trees
O Rocks (includes shells, sediments, etc.)
O Animals
Question 13 1 pts True or False: Volcanism is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere.
O True
O False
Answers
11. D. >200 million years old old are most of the fossil fuels. 12. B. Trees of these carbon reservoirs can be considered "long term". 13 . True .Volcanism is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere.
11.Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are formed from the age of an old fossil remains of ancient plants and organisms that lived millions of years ago. They are typically more than 200 million years old, making option D, ">200 million years old," the correct answer.
12. Carbon reservoirs store carbon for varying lengths of time. Lakes and animals are not considered long-term carbon reservoirs as they do not store carbon for millions of years. However, trees and rocks (including shells and sediments) are considered long-term carbon reservoirs. Trees can sequester carbon through photosynthesis and store it in their biomass for long periods, while rocks, which can include carbonate rocks like limestone, store carbon in their geological formations over geological timescales.
13. Volcanism, the process of volcanic activity, releases various gases into the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, option A, "True," is the correct answer. Volcanic eruptions can release significant amounts of CO2, contributing to the natural carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 levels.
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11. How old are most of the fossil fuels we typically use as an energy source?
A 200 years old
B <2 million years old
C >6 billion years old
D >200 million years old
Question 12
Which of these carbon reservoirs can be considered "long term" (store carbon for millions of years)? (choose all that apply)
A. Lakes
B Trees
C Rocks (includes shells, sediments, etc.)
D Animals
Question 13
True or False: Volcanism is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere.
A True
B False
In which type of arrhythmia do the atria contract very quickly and "out of sync" with
the rest of the heart because of an error in the heart's electrical system?
A. atrial fibrillation
B. atrial flutter
C. ventricular tachycardia
D. Obradyarrhythmia
Answers
Answer:
atrial fibrillation
Explanation:
Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and often rapid heart rate that occurs when the two upper chambers of your heart experience chaotic electrical signals. The result is a fast and irregular heart rhythm. The heart rate in atrial fibrillation may range from 100 to 175 beats a minute
Answer:
A. atrial fibrillation
Explanation:
Antonin has received the results of a semen analysis after being treated for a prolonged infection with tetracycline. Which of these will show up in the results?
two-headed sperm
low sperm count
low motility
insufficient semen volume
Answers
The likely results that may show up in Antonin's semen analysis after being treated for a prolonged infection with tetracycline are a low sperm count and low motility.
Tetracycline is an antibiotic that can have adverse effects on male fertility. It may lead to a decrease in sperm count, which refers to the number of sperm cells present in a given sample of semen. A low sperm count can significantly reduce the chances of fertilization. Additionally, tetracycline treatment may also result in reduced sperm motility, which refers to the ability of sperm cells to move effectively.
Low motility can impair the sperm's ability to swim towards the egg for fertilization. However, the presence of two-headed sperm or insufficient semen volume is less likely to be directly associated with tetracycline treatment. These factors can be influenced by other genetic or physiological factors.
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which of the following focuses on how children perceive and understand their experiences?
a)cognitive theory
b)permissive
c)the Oedipus complex.
d)authoritarian pattern of parenting.
Answers
The option that focuses on how children perceive and understand their experiences is cognitive theory.
Cognitive theory is a psychological theory that deals with the study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, and problem-solving. It explores how humans perceive, process, and interpret information. This theory aims to understand how people perceive, think, and solve problems.
According to cognitive theorists, children's thought processes change as they grow and develop. It involves how people use their brains to process and organize information from the environment. In the field of developmental psychology, cognitive theory has been widely used to examine how children perceive and understand their experiences.
A permissive parenting style is characterized by a lack of rules and discipline, and children are allowed to do whatever they want.
Authoritarian is parenting style characterized by strict rules, harsh punishments, and a lack of warmth and affection.
The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic theory that describes a child's unconscious desire for their opposite-sex parent and resentment toward their same-sex parent.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A) Cognitive theory.
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4. A neurosurgeon orders a spinal tap for a patient. Into what body cavity will the needle be inserted? a. Ventral d. Cranial b. Thoracic e. Pelvic c. Dorsal
Answers
Explanation: The needle needs to be inserted between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae which is in the lower back and thats where the dorsal is near
Hope this helps :)
In dorsal body cavity will the needle be inserted. Therefore, the correct option is C.
In a spinal tap, commonly called a lumbar puncture, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal. This area is located between the lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, specifically in the dorsal (back) region of the body. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is collected during procedures to provide certain medications or for diagnostic purposes.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Please help!!! I will mark you the BRAINLIEST
Answers
Answer:
Molecules stop moving at freezing point. Helium has the lowest boiling point. The molecules move very quickly at boiling point.
Explanation:
Heating up- molecules move faster. Cooling down- molecules move slower
in her work astroculture (shelf life) bioartist suzanne anker experiments with growing plants in artificial light for use in .
Answers
In her work "Astroculture (Shelf Life)," bioartist Suzanne Anker experiments with growing plants in artificial light for use in artistic and scientific purposes.
Suzanne Anker's artwork "Astroculture (Shelf Life)" involves her exploration of growing plants in controlled environments using artificial light. This process allows her to study the effects of different lighting conditions on plant growth and investigate the possibilities of sustainable cultivation. Anker's work blurs the boundaries between art and science, as she combines artistic expression with scientific inquiry. The plants grown in artificial light serve as both subjects and materials for her artistic creations, highlighting the intersections between nature, technology, and human intervention.
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vitamin k helps in __ of blood?
Answers
Answer:
The body needs vitamin K to produce prothrombin, a protein and clotting factor that is important in blood clotting and bone metabolism.
Explanation:
Vitamin K refers to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and regulating blood calcium levels.
Answer:
Vitamin K refers to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that play a role in blood clotting, bone metabolism, and regulating blood calcium levels. The body needs vitamin K to produce prothrombin, a protein and clotting factor that is important in blood clotting and bone metabolism.
Use the drop-down menus to identify which bacterial shape applies. a (rod-shaped) b (spiral-shaped) c (spherical)
Answers
The identity of the bacterial shape is the following:
a (rod-shaped)- bacillus.
b (spiral-shaped)- spirillum.
c (spherical)- coccus.
What are bacteria?Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms found as free-living or parasites.
They are found in many shapes and sizes.
There are good bacteria that help humans and other animals, and bad bacteria are harmful to the animals.
Thus, the shape of the bacteria area (rod-shaped)- bacillus., b (spiral-shaped)- spirillum., c (spherical)- coccus.
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Answer✔ Bacillus
A (rod-shaped)
✔ Spirillum
B (spiral-shaped)
✔ coccus
C (spherical)
Explanation: