What is the electrical conductivity for an Ohmic conductor that has a number density of free electrons n = 1.1 × 10^29 per cubic meter and the collision time τ of 1.9 × 10^-14 s. The charge of electron is 1.6 × 10^-19 Coulomb, the mass of electron is m = 9.11 × 10^-31 kg?
Answers
For the given problem, the electrical conductivity (σ) for an ohmic conductor is calculated as follows:
Electrical conductivity, σ is defined as the ratio of current density, J to the electric field intensity, Eσ = J/E
From Ohm’s law, we know that
J = σ × E where J is the current density, E is the electric field intensity and σ is the electrical conductivity. Now, consider a conductor with length l, cross-sectional area A, and number density of free electrons, n. The drift velocity, vd of electrons is given asvd = eEτ/m
where e is the charge of the electron, m is the mass of electron and τ is the relaxation time of electrons.
It can be written as J = nAe vd Putting the value of vd from the above equation, we getJ = nAe2τE/ml Now, we can substitute the value of J from Ohm’s lawσE = nAe2τE/ml
Thus,σ = ne2τ/m
The electrical conductivity for an Ohmic conductor with a number density of free electrons n = 1.1 × 1029 per cubic meter and the collision time τ of 1.9 × 10-14 s, is 4.21 × 107 S/m.
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Related Questions
why do people have symptoms in their bodys
Answers
Body works like a computer whenever there is any problem it warns you and those warnings are termed as symptoms. Of the body doesn't show symptoms we won't be able to detect the problem in our body.
Radar waves of wavelength 50 mm are emitted from two aerials and create a fringe pattern 1 kilometer from the aerials. Calculate the distance between the aerials if the fringe spacing is 80 cm.
Answers
If the fringe spacing is 80 cm, the distance between the aerials is 6.25 meter.
What is interference?In physics, interference refers to the combined result of two or more wave trains travelling along intersecting or converging trajectories. The result is the result of adding the individual wave amplitudes at each place that is influenced by multiple waves.
Given: wavelength = 50 mm = 50 × 10⁻⁴ m
the fringe spacing is = 80 cm = 0.80 m.
x = λD/d
d = λD/x
= 50 × 10⁻⁴ × 1000/0.80 m
= 6.25 meter.
Hence, the distance between the aerials is 6.25 meter.
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A flow chart showing step by step how the body responds to a cold using the words B cells, helper T cells, macrophages, mucus, lymph, cytokines, receptor proteins, antibodies, memory cells and plasma cells
Answers
The body's response to a cold involves various immune cells and processes. Here is a simplified flow chart depicting the step-by-step response:
Initial exposure to a cold virus leads to its entry into the body through the respiratory system. The virus infects the cells lining the respiratory tract, triggering a response from macrophages, which are immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles.Macrophages present viral antigens (molecular markers) on their surface and release cytokines, signaling molecules that activate other immune cells.Helper T cells recognize the viral antigens presented by macrophages through their receptor proteins, and they become activated.Activated helper T cells stimulate B cells, another type of immune cell, to produce antibodies specific to the cold virus.B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete large quantities of antibodies into the bloodstream.Antibodies circulate in the body and bind to the cold virus, neutralizing its ability to infect cells.Memory B cells are also generated during this process. These cells "remember" the specific cold virus, enabling a faster and stronger immune response in case of future infections.The antibodies help to remove the virus from the body by marking it for destruction by other immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells. Mucus production increases in the respiratory tract, trapping the cold virus and facilitating its removal from the body. Lymph, a clear fluid containing immune cells and antibodies, carries away the virus and other debris from the infection site.This flow chart demonstrates the coordinated response of B cells, helper T cells, macrophages, mucus production, lymph, cytokines, receptor proteins, antibodies, memory cells, and plasma cells in combating a cold virus and eventually eliminating it from the body.
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1.4 A cyclist pedals from point X to point Y half way round a circular track in 20 s. The diameter of the track is 140 m. The magnitude of her velocity when she reaches Y is
Answers
Magnitude of the cyclist's velocity when she reaches Y is 11 m/s.
What is the distance travelled by the cyclist from point X to point Y on the circular track?The distance travelled by the cyclist from point X to point Y is 220 m.
How is the distance of the circular track calculated in the given problem?The distance of the circular track is calculated using the formula: circumference = pi x diameter, where the diameter is given as 140 m.
We can solve this problem using the formula: velocity = distance/time.
First, we need to find the distance travelled by the cyclist from point X to point Y. Since the cyclist has travelled half way around a circular track, she has travelled a distance of half the circumference of the circle. We can find this distance using the formula: circumference = pi x diameter.
c = pi x d
c = pi x 140
c = 440 m
distance from X to Y = 1/2 x 440 = 220 m
Next, we need to find the time it takes for the cyclist to travel this distance. We are given that this time is 20 s.
Finally, we can use the formula above to find the magnitude of the cyclist's velocity when she reaches Y:
velocity = distance/time
velocity = 220/20
velocity = 11 m/s
Therefore, the magnitude of the cyclist's velocity when she reaches Y is 11 m/s.
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the upper arm is ________to the forearm
Answers
Answer:
proximal
Explanation:
The upper arm is proximal part to the forearm .
What is proximal part of forearm?The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna at the elbow. The articulation between the radius and the ulna at the elbow is known as the proximal radioulnar joint. Distally, it articulates with the ulna again at the distal radioulnar joint.
According to the question
The upper arm is to the forearm
As per definition of proximal part of forearm
The articulation between the radius and the ulna at the elbow is known as the proximal radioulnar joint.
Hence, The upper arm is proximal part to the forearm .
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. Static electricity is both an enemy and a friend.
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Static electricity can be both an enemy and a friend depending on the situation.
How does Static energy work?Static electricity is a well-known electric phenomenon that involves the transfer of charged particles from one body to another. As a friend, static electricity is used in various technologies such as electrostatic spraying, electrostatic printing, and electrostatic precipitators.
However, as an enemy, static electricity can cause sparks that can ignite flammable materials, cause electronic devices to malfunction, and shock people. Static electricity can also cause clothing to cling together or hair to stand on end, which can be annoying but is generally harmless.
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to sterilize a 50.0-g glass baby bottle, we must raise its temperature from to . how much heat transfer is required?
Answers
To sterilise a 50.0-g glass infant bottle, we must increase its heat from 22.0 to 95.0 degrees Celsius, or 3066 J of heat is transferred.
What is heat?Heat is the result of the movement of kinetic energy within a material or an item, or from form of energy to a material or an object. Electromagnetic energy can be transported using three different mechanisms: radiation, conduction, and convection. Conduction of heat through solids, convection of liquids and gases, and electromagnetic radiation (radiation).
What is the heat treatment?When a substance is subjected to a material-specific phase-change temperature, the material immediately undergoes a phase shift from a solid to a liquid. sources include solar energy, heat pumps, deep geothermal heat pumps, nat gas, lpg (LP), oil, coal, and wood.
Briefing:50.0 g (0.84 J/g C) of heat was transported (95 C - 22 C)
= 3066 J of heat transferred
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what power lens is necessary to correct this person's vision to allow her to see distant objects? what power lens is necessary to correct this person's vision to allow her to see distant objects? -8.0 d -4.0 d 4.0 d 8.0 d
Answers
The power lens necessary to correct this person's vision to allow her to see distant objects is +4.0 D. The correct option is c.
What is a lens?A lens is a transparent optical device that refracts light to converge or diverge it. To form an image, lenses use a principle known as refraction. Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another of differing density.
A convex lens, for example, is used to focus the image for those who suffer from hyperopia, also known as long-sightedness, or those who have difficulty seeing objects that are far away. It is a positive lens since it can refract parallel rays of light to meet at a focal point.
In summary, the power lens necessary to correct this person's vision to allow her to see distant objects is +4.0 D.
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Explain Energy Transformation using the image below and how the Law of Conservation of Energy is maintained.
Answers
The chemical energy of petrol is converted to heat energy on combustion. The heat energy is converted to kinetic energy by the use of internal combustion engines in vehicles. The law of conservation of energy is maintained in each process.
What is kinetic energy?The kinetic energy of an object is associated with its motion. It can be related to the mass and velocity as
K.E = 1/2 mv²
Given is a diagram of energy conversion due to combustion.
The chemical energy of petrol is converted to heat energy on combustion. The heat energy is converted to kinetic energy by the use of internal combustion engines in vehicles.
The law of conservation of energy states that the energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be only converted to one form to the other.
In the given process, the mass decreases but energy remains the same in all forms of energy.
Hence, the law of conservation of energy is maintained in each process
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if you had to be an animal, which would you be and why?
Answers
Sunglasses that reduce glare take advantage of which kind of wave
interaction?
A. Diffraction
B. Polarization
C. Interference
D. Refraction
Answers
Answer:
It should be option B polarization
An axially loaded short column has length of 3.5m carries factored load of 1600KN. Concrete fc'=28MPA and Fy=420 MPA. Maximum aggregate size is 19mm. Calculate the suitable dimensions for tied and spiral columns.qr 1. Calculate • Required loads • Stresses • Gross area • Area of steel • Design satisfies risk assessment against use Appropriate reinforcement SELECTION • All relevant checks to make design safe
Answers
The suitable dimensions for tied and spiral columns of Required loads, Stresses, Gross area, Area of steel are 1142.86 kN, 12.6 MPa, 90.89 m².
The required loads can be determined by dividing the factored load by the appropriate load factor. For this example, let's assume a load factor of 1.4. Required loads = Factored load / Load factor
= 1600 kN / 1.4
= 1142.86 kN
Determine the allowable stresses: a concrete compressive strength of fc' = 28 MPa, the allowable compressive stress (fa) can be calculated using the formula:
= 0.45 * 28 MPa
= 12.6 MPa
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A skier traveling downhill has this type of energy
Answers
Answer:
potential energy
Explanation:
A person holds a bucket of weight 60N and climbs vertically the distance of 5m. What is the work done by gravity?
Answers
Answer:
300 J (Joules)
A Joule will measure "the amount of work done when a force of one newton is exerted through a distance of one meter"
Hope this Helps
if the positive yy direction is vertically upward, what is the yy component of her average acceleration in the snow bank?
Answers
The yy component of the average acceleration in the snow bank can be determined by analyzing the motion of the object in the vertical direction. The positive yy direction is vertically upward, so we need to consider the forces acting in this direction.
To find the y y component of the average acceleration, we can use the equation:
average acceleration = change in velocity / time taken. The change in velocity in the yy direction is given by the final velocity minus the initial velocity.
If the object is moving upward, the initial velocity in the y y direction is positive and the final velocity is negative (since the object is decelerating). Once we have the change in velocity, we divide it by the time taken to find the average acceleration in the y y direction.
Therefore, the yy component of her average acceleration in the snow bank can be determined by analyzing the motion of the object in the vertical direction and calculating the change in velocity divided by the time taken.
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Is an object moving with a constany speed around a circular path veloctiy? why? why not?
Answers
Answer: The motion of a body with constant speed in a circular path is said to be accelerated, because it is moving with uniform speed, but not with uniform velocity, as velocity is a vector quantity, it can be represented in magnitude as well the direction.
Explanation:
T/F: a car traveling at 20 mph on a curved exit ramp has a constant velocity.
Answers
False.
A car traveling at 20 mph on a curved exit ramp does not have a constant velocity. This is because the car is changing direction as it navigates the curved ramp, meaning its velocity is constantly changing. Constant velocity requires both a steady speed and a straight path of travel.
False: A car traveling at 20 mph on a curved exit ramp does not have a constant velocity. This is because velocity is a vector quantity, which means it has both magnitude (speed) and direction. While the car may maintain a constant speed of 20 mph, its direction is changing due to the curve of the exit ramp, resulting in a changing velocity.
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A bag is filled with 100 red M&Ms, describe the mass as a mean and standard deviation. Please explain how to do so in excel. RED 0.751 0.841 0.856 0.799 0.966 0.859 0.857 0.942 0.873 0809 0.890 0.878 0.905 ORANGE YELLOW BROWN 0.735 0.883 0.696 0.895 0.769 0.876 0.865 0.859 0.855 0.864 0.784 0.806 0.852 0.824 0.840 0.866 0.858 0.868 0.859 0.848 0.859 0.838 0.851 0.982 0.863 0.888 0.925 0.793 0.977 0.850 0.830 0.856 0.842 0.778 0.786 0.853 0.864 0.873 0.880 0.882 0.931 BLUE 0.881 0.863 0.775 0.854 0.810 0.858 0.818 0.868 0.803 0.932 0842 0.832 0.807 0.841 0.932 0.833 0.881 0.818 0.864 0.825 0.855 0.942 0.825 0.869 0.912 0.887 0.886 GREEN 0.925 0.914 0.881 0.865 0.865 1.015 0.876 0.809 0.865 0.848 0.940 0.833 0.845 0.852 0.778 0.814 0.791 0.810 0.881 Mean Variance Red Orange Yellow Brown Blue Green 0.864 0.858 0.8345 0.848 0.856 0.864 0.003317 0.00251 0.001559 0.00632 0.001764 0.003245
Answers
In this case, the mean mass of the red M&Ms is approximately 0.864, and the standard deviation is approximately 0.003317.
To calculate the mean and standard deviation of the mass of the red M&Ms in Excel, you can follow these steps:
1. Enter the data into a column in Excel, starting from cell A1. Make sure the data is entered consistently in a single column.
2. To calculate the mean, use the formula "=AVERAGE(A1:A100)" in an empty cell, where A1:A100 is the range of cells containing the data. This formula calculates the average of the values in the specified range.
3. To calculate the standard deviation, use the formula "=STDEV(A1:A100)" in an empty cell, where A1:A100 is the range of cells containing the data. This formula calculates the standard deviation of the values in the specified range.
4. The mean and standard deviation will be displayed in the respective cells where you entered the formulas.
In this case, the mean mass of the red M&Ms is approximately 0.864, and the standard deviation is approximately 0.003317.
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Which element is most likely to be shiny?
sulfur (S)
boron (B)
calcium (Ca)
carbon (C)
Answers
calcium (ca) is most likely to be shiny
Among all the options, the element which is most likely to be shiny is calcium. Hence, option C is correct.
What is an element?A pure material made entirely of one species of atoms, or a chemical element, has a specific number of protons in its nucleus. Chemical elements, in contrast to compounds, can indeed be subdivided into less complex molecules through any chemical process.
The distinguishing characteristic of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus, which is known as its atomic number; all atoms with the same atomic number are the same element's atoms.
The majority of the universe's baryons mass is made up of chemical components (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). Atoms are reorganized into new compounds, bound together through chemical bonds during chemical reactions between various elements.
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Which of the following must be happening if an object is in uniform circular
motion?
O A. The object's centripetal acceleration must be changing.
B. The object's speed must be changing.
C. The object's velocity must be changing.
D. The object must be moving in a straight line.
SUBMIT
Answers
Hopes it helps
The objects velocity must be changing when it is in an uniform circular motion, therefore the correct option is the option C.
What is an uniform circular motion?
It is defined as of motion when the object is moving in a circle with a constant speed and its velocity is changing with every moment because of the change of direction but the speed of the object is constant in an uniform circular motion.
The acceleration of the object is constant throughout the motion in an uniform circular motion, for example the planets revolving around the sun in our solar system is a very good example of uniform circular motion.
The motion of a cyclist around the circular track is also an example of uniform circular motion.
Hence, when an object moves with a uniform acceleration the objects velocity must be changing but the speed of the object would remain same, therefore the correct option would be option C.
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Q|C The Apollo 11 astronauts set up a panel of efficient corner-cube retroreflectors on the Moon's surface (Fig. 35.8 a). The speed of light can be found by measuring the time interval required for a laser beam to travel from the Earth, reflect from the panel, and return to the Earth. Assume this interval is measured to be 2.51s at a station where the Moon is at the zenith and take the center-to-center distance from the Earth to the Moon to be equal to 3.84 \times 10⁸m. (b) Explain whether it is necessary to consider the sizes of the Earth and the Moon in your calculation.
Answers
(A) It is not necessary to consider the sizes of the Earth and the Moon in calculating the speed of light using the given setup.
The measurement of the time interval required for a laser beam to travel from the Earth, reflect from the panel on the Moon, and return to the Earth provides a direct measurement of the round-trip time. Since the distance from the Earth to the Moon is given as 3.84 × 10⁸ m, the round-trip distance traveled by light is twice that value.
The speed of light can be calculated by dividing the round-trip distance by the measured time interval. The formula for speed is:
Speed = Distance/Time
In this case, the distance is 2 × 3.84 × 10⁸ m (round-trip distance), and the time is 2.51 s (measured time interval).
By plugging in these values into the formula, we can determine the speed of light without considering the sizes of the Earth and the Moon.
(B)It is necessary to consider the sizes of the Earth and the Moon in the calculation.
When calculating certain physical quantities, such as gravitational force or orbital dynamics, it is crucial to account for the sizes of the Earth and the Moon. The sizes of celestial bodies determine their masses and, consequently, the gravitational forces they exert on each other.
The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Therefore, the Earth's mass and radius, as well as the Moon's mass and radius, play a vital role in determining the gravitational interaction between them.
Ignoring the sizes of the Earth and the Moon would result in inaccurate calculations and an incomplete understanding of their gravitational relationship and orbital characteristics. Thus, considering the sizes of both celestial bodies is essential for precise calculations involving their interactions.
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. If five forces f₁-20N at N30°E, f₂= 40N along the west, f3=50N at N50°W, f4 = 10N on angle 270° and f5=70N on angle 200° are acting on a box find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the box.
Answers
Drag each tile to the correct box a chemical reaction takes place in which energy is released arrange the reactions characteristics in order from start to finish
Answers
Roughly how long does it take for the sun's light to reach Earth - 8 minutes, 8 hours or 8 days?
Answers
Answer:
8 minutes
Explanation:
Light travels at a speed of 299,792
kilometers per second; 186,287 miles
per second. It takes 499.0 second
for light to travel from the Sun to the
Earth, a distance celled 1 Astronomical
Unit.
You are moving a chair by sliding it across the ground. The maximum force you can give the chair before it slides is 150 N. If you push the chair with 250 N of force and the chair begins to slide, what will the frictional force be?
Answers
Answer:
Frictional force will be 150N
when you weigh yourself on good old terra firma (solid ground), your weight is 545 n . in an elevator your apparent weight is 470 n . what is the magnitude of the elevator's acceleration?
Answers
The magnitude of the elevator's acceleration is 18.25 m/s².
What is the acceleration of the elevator?The acceleration of the elevator is calculated as follows;
R = Fa - Fg
R = ma - mg
R = m(a - g)
where;
R is the apparent wight on elevatorm is your massa is your accelerationg is acceleration due to gravitym = W/g
m = (545 N) / (9.8 m/s²)
m = 55.61 kg
ma = R + mg
ma = R + W
a = (R + W) /m
a = (470 + 545) / 55.61
a = 18.25 m/s²
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Can someone help me? Put them in order. Thank you!
Answers
Answer:
2-3-1-4
Explanation:
First you will need an energy source so 2 is the first step.
Then the lead and lead oxide are reformed during re-charge so 3 is the second step.
The battery is back in operation when Lead dissolves in acid so 1 is the third step.
Battery produces electrons so 4 is the final step.
Can you think of a way to explain Hubble's Law other than the
standard Big Bang idea, which includes the concept of a Universe
with no center and no edge?
Answers
An alternative way to explain Hubble's Law without relying on the standard Big Bang idea of a universe with no center and no edge is through the concept of a "tired light" hypothesis.
According to this hypothesis, the redshift observed in distant galaxies is not due to their motion away from us in an expanding universe, but rather the result of photons gradually losing energy as they travel through space.
In the tired light scenario, the wavelength of light is thought to stretch over time due to interactions with matter or other unknown processes. As a result, the light from distant galaxies appears redshifted, mimicking the effect of cosmic expansion. This explanation implies that the universe may have a finite size and a center, challenging the notion of an infinite and uniformly expanding universe.
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Technological breakthroughs revolutionized the calculator industry during the 1970s. Studying the impact of these technological changes on the calculator industry alone would be an example of ________ equilibrium analysis.
Answers
Studying the impact of technological changes on the calculator industry alone would be an example of partial equilibrium analysis.
What is partial equilibrium analysis?
Partial equilibrium analysis focuses on studying the equilibrium conditions and changes within a specific market or industry, while holding other factors constant. In this case, studying the impact of technological breakthroughs on the calculator industry alone would be an example of partial equilibrium analysis.
By examining the effects of technological changes on the calculator industry in isolation, researchers can analyze how these advancements impact factors such as demand, supply, prices, and market structure within the calculator market. This approach allows for a more focused and detailed analysis of the specific industry, without considering broader macroeconomic factors or interdependencies with other markets.
However, it's important to note that partial equilibrium analysis may not capture the full scope of effects, as changes in one market can have ripple effects on related markets and the overall economy. To gain a more comprehensive understanding, it may be necessary to incorporate general equilibrium analysis, which considers the interactions and interdependencies among multiple markets and sectors.
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Traditional analog cameras work by briefly exposing light sensitive film to a light source. The film chemically responds to the light source in a way that records the image to which it was exposed.
digital cameras can store the information from the same light source as an array of pixels, each with a digital value corresponding to a particular color.
Which of the following statements describes a disadvantage of storing photographic information as a digital array?
A. digital images can be easily removed from a storage device or lost.
B. digital images are difficult to copy or duplicate.
C. digital images are difficult to transmit as wave pulses.
D. digital images cannot be easily stores in computer memories.
Answers
Answer: A. Digital images can be easily removed from a storage device or lost
Explanation:
I solved it in study island ( sometimes you need to have trust)