what is the approximate frequency of mistakes made by dna polymerase
Answers
The approximate frequency of mistakes made by DNA polymerase during DNA replication is estimated to be 1 error per 10^4 to 10^5 base pairs.
DNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during replication. It has a proofreading function that helps to minimize errors, but it is not perfect. The frequency of mistakes, or errors, made by DNA polymerase can vary depending on the specific polymerase and conditions.
Studies have shown that high-fidelity DNA polymerases, such as those found in human cells, have error rates ranging from 10^-6 to 10^-7 per base pair incorporated. However, during replication, DNA polymerase undergoes proofreading, a process that allows it to detect and correct errors. This proofreading function significantly reduces the overall error rate.
Considering the proofreading mechanism, the approximate frequency of mistakes made by DNA polymerase is estimated to be 1 error per 10^4 to 10^5 base pairs. This means that, on average, DNA polymerase makes one mistake for every 10,000 to 100,000 base pairs synthesized.
DNA polymerase, despite its high fidelity and proofreading capabilities, still introduces errors during DNA replication. The approximate frequency of mistakes is around 1 error per 10^4 to 10^5 base pairs. This error rate highlights the importance of additional DNA repair mechanisms in maintaining the integrity and accuracy of the genetic information.
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The approximate frequency of mistakes made by DNA polymerase is about 1 error in every 10^7 nucleotides incorporated.
The accuracy of DNA replication by DNA polymerase is crucial to maintain the integrity of genetic information. DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that helps to correct any errors that may occur during replication. However, despite this mechanism, errors can still occur.
Studies have estimated that the error rate of DNA polymerase during replication is around 10^-7 to 10^-8 per nucleotide incorporated. This means that for every 10^7 to 10^8 nucleotides incorporated during replication, there is an average of one mistake made by DNA polymerase.
The approximate frequency of mistakes made by DNA polymerase during replication is around 1 error in every 10^7 nucleotides incorporated. This error rate is relatively low, but it can still contribute to genetic mutations and can have significant consequences for the organism.
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Related Questions
I NEED A REAL ANSWER!!!!!!!!PLS HURRY!!!Use the data to sequence the animals from the most recently evolved to the most ancient.
Answers
Animal Cat Fish Turtle Lamprey Frog
Hair No No No No No
Amniotic egg Yes No Yes No No
Four legs Yes No yes No Yes
Jaw Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vertebrae Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
What is evolution?Evolution is described as the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Adaptations made by organisms to their altering environments are reflected in evolution, which can lead to altered genes, unique features, and the emergence of new species.
Both changes in genetic variability and shifts in allele frequencies throughout time affect evolutionary processes.
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What is one way the United States government has protected some of the country's natural resources?
A.
set aside land in national parks
B.
forbidden the use of public land
C.
encouraged businesses to drill for oil
D.
limited the actions of preservationists
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
They protected the resources by creating national parks. In national parks it’s illegal to drill for oil, mine, etc
Answer:
D
Explanation: by limiting their actions they couldn’t do anything
A plant native to the chaparral would be expected to _______. a. require frequent rainfall b. tolerate nutrient-poor soil c. have large, soft leaves d. be tall with large branches please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answers
One would anticipate that a plant endemic to chaparral would be able to endure nutrient-deficient soil.
How do plants endure in nutrient-deficient soil?One of the most common responses to nutrient-poor soils is a change in root structure, which can either increase the root's surface area overall to boost nutrient uptake or lengthen the root system to reach new nutrient sources.
Can a plant live without food?Certainly, plants can develop without soil, but they are unable to do so without the essentials that soil offers. The roots of plants require oxygen to breathe, as well as support, nutrition, safeguarding from extreme temperatures, and an even supply of moisture.
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if blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,
Answers
If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, this leads to an increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within the kidneys, promoting the filtering and removal of waste products from the blood.
If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases, there will be an increase in the glomerular filtration rate. This is because the afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus, where filtration occurs.
When blood flow through the afferent arteriole increases, more blood is brought to the glomerulus, which leads to an increase in filtration."
In this answer, the question is addressed directly and relevant terms such as "afferent arterioles", "glomerular filtration rate", and "filtration" are used to demonstrate understanding of the topic.
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different between dominant character and recessive character
Answers
Dominant character:are always expressed when the connected allele is dominant,even if only one copy of the dominant trait exits.
Recessive character:are expressed only if both the connected allele are recessive.
Answer:
Dominant and recessive traits exist when a trait has two different forms at the gene level. The trait that first appears or is visibly expressed in the organism is called the dominant trait. The trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and does not show itself in the organism is called the recessive trait.
Explanation:
If some traits are absent or not expressed, but found in the parent, then the allele is said to be recessive.
Difference Between Recessive and Dominant Traits
DOMINANT
Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
Dominant allele is denoted by a capital letter
RECESSIVE
Recessive allele is denoted by a small letter
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what do you think is meant by the statement, "DNA unites all organisms"
Answers
Answer:
Easy. All life on this planet are products of DNA. It is what we all have in common.
where is the injection site for the local anesthesia of the mylohyoid nerve? group of answer choices halfway in the dental arch mesial to the existing premolar distal to the existing premolar at the apex of the mesial root of the mandibular first molar
Answers
To numb the branches of the mylohyoid nerve, a local anesthetic is injected into the labial tissues and the lingual portions of the inferior border of the jaw.
The incisions are made once a suitable plane of anesthetic has been achieved. Local anesthetics work by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) in the neuron plasma membrane, which inhibits nerve conduction reversibly. The plasma membrane is where the membrane proteins known as Nav channels are attached.
There are several ways to give local anesthetics. Topical, such as to the skin and airways, subcutaneous, intravenous, perineural, epidural, and intrathecal are a few of them. With the bevel facing the bone, insert the needle 1-2mm into the mucosa. A few drops of anesthetic should be injected before moving the needle.
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A study was created to test the effects of jazz on people’s sleep patterns. The hypothesis of the experiment was that if people listened to jazz music as they fall asleep, they will sleep for longer periods of time. For the experiment, 2 groups of people were created. One group was placed in a quiet room where they went to sleep and they were timed on how long they slept. The other group was placed in a room where jazz music played softly as they began to sleep and played throughout the night. As each group awoke, their sleep times were monitored.
Dependent Variable: ______________________ Control Group: ____________________________
Independent Variable: _____________________ Experimental Group: ________
Answers
Answer:
Dependent variable - sleep times
Independent variable - jazz music/silence
Control group - Group 1. The group that was kept in a silent room
Experimental group - Group 2. The group placed in a room with jazz music.
Explanation:
The dependent variable is the actual variable to be measured during an experiment. The value of the dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable supplied. In this case, the dependent variable is the duration of sleep of the different groups.
The independent variable is supplied by the experimenter and is often manipulated to see the effects it will produce on the dependent variable. In this case, the jazz music and the silence in the rooms respectively represent the independent variable.
The control group receives no treatment variable and represents the group that is often used as the benchmark to measure the effects of treatment variables on experimental subjects. In this case, the control group is the group that was placed in a room without jazz music.
The experimental group is the group that receives the treatment variable and in this case, the group that slept in the room filled with jazz music.
Dependent Variable: The dependent variable in this experiment is the sleep duration or the length of time each participant slept.
Control Group: The control group in this experiment is the group of people placed in a quiet room where they went to sleep without any jazz music playing. This group serves as a baseline for comparison to evaluate the effects of jazz music on sleep duration.
Independent Variable: The independent variable in this experiment is the presence or absence of jazz music while falling asleep and throughout the night.
Experimental Group: The experimental group in this experiment is the group of people placed in a room where jazz music played softly as they began to sleep and continued to play throughout the night. This group is exposed to the independent variable (jazz music) to test its effect on sleep duration.
The purpose of this study is to determine if the independent variable (jazz music) has an impact on the dependent variable (sleep duration) by comparing the control group's sleep duration to that of the experimental group.
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(ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.
Please helpp
Answers
Active transport is necessary in the root hair cells because minerals in soil solutions cannot move into plants by osmosis or diffusion.
Dissolved minerals in soil solutions cannot move into the roots of plants by osmosis because only water molecules move by the process.
Also, the minerals cannot move by diffusion because their concentrations are usually very low in soil solutions.
Thus, the minerals need to be moved from the soil into the roots of plants against their concentration gradients. This is where active transport comes in.
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PLEASE HELP MEEEEE THIS IS MY LAST QUESTIONS
You have learned about the common characteristics of inner planets and outer planets. Explain how these
characteristics are verified observation and not just the options of scientists.
Answers
The common characteristics of the inner and outer planets are based on verified observations made through a range of space exploration devices and methods.
The common characteristics of the inner planets and outer planets are verified by observation and not just the opinions of scientists. It is because the characteristics are based on observations made using telescopes and other space exploration devices. These observations are made through various means, including analyzing light, radiation, and other electromagnetic waves, which are emitted or reflected by the planets. These observations have been conducted by a number of scientists over the years, and their findings have been analyzed and compared to create a comprehensive understanding of the inner and outer planets.
Observations of the planets are made through various means, including analyzing light, radiation, and other electromagnetic waves. These observations have been conducted by a number of scientists over the years, and their findings have been analyzed and compared to create a comprehensive understanding of the inner and outer planets.
The common characteristics of the inner and outer planets are based on verified observations made through a range of space exploration devices and methods. These observations have been conducted by many scientists and have been analyzed and compared to create a comprehensive understanding of the planets. Therefore, the characteristics are not just the opinions of scientists but are based on scientific observation and research.
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By putting them in a zoo, passing a law, or preserving their natural habitat, you can preserve a(n) ___________.
Answers
By placing them in a zoo, passing a law, or maintaining their natural habitat, you can preserve a species.
What exists a species?The biggest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the right sexes or mating types can conceive a fertile offspring, usually by sexual reproduction, is referred to as a species.The species taxonomy classifies biological creatures according to the traits they have in common.These classifications, known as taxa (plural taxon), are ordered according to taxonomic rank.A collection of related organisms that, according to scientific taxonomy, falls below the genus and consists of individuals capable of reproducing with one another The two-humped camel and the one-humped camel are two separate species.A species is a group of plants or animals that may reproduce with one another and share common traits.You can save a species by putting it in a zoo, passing legislation, or preserving its natural habitat.
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what estructure is this?
Answers
Answer:
stomata openings at the side of leaf epidermis
Explanation:
the cellular membrane across which ion flow varies during auditory transduction is the
Answers
in a mature rbc energy is obtained exclusively by anaerobic respiration i. e., the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm. True or false ?
Answers
The statement is True.
In mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, energy is obtained exclusively by anaerobic respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm. This process is known as glycolysis and does not require oxygen. The end product of glycolysis is ATP, which is the main source of energy for the cell. Since mature red blood cells lack mitochondria, they are not able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which cells generate energy in the presence of oxygen. Therefore, they rely solely on anaerobic metabolism to produce ATP.
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the anterior segment of the eye contains a fluid called ________.
Answers
The anterior segment of the eye is the front part of the eye that includes the cornea, iris, and lens. This segment of the eye is filled with a fluid called aqueous humor.
Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that is produced in the ciliary body, a structure located behind the iris. It flows through the pupil and circulates through the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris, before exiting the eye through the trabecular meshwork, a drainage structure located in the angle formed by the cornea and iris. Aqueous humor helps maintain the shape of the eye and provides nourishment to the cornea and lens. In addition, it helps regulate the pressure inside the eye, which is important for maintaining healthy vision. In summary, the anterior segment of the eye contains a vital fluid called aqueous humor that helps maintain eye health and function.
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Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they Group of answer choices are simpler. are circular in structure. are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. include fewer proteins.
Answers
Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. This is the main answer to the given question.
What are chromosomes Chromosomes are the cellular structures that keep DNA and are hereditary in nature. Chromosomes are the structures that hold the genes that encode all the instructions required for all life's activities.Chromosomes are structures that are found in all cells and are vital for cell replication and differentiation. Chromosomes are structures that store genetic information in the form of DNA.What are Eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which is a membrane-bound organelle that houses the genetic material. Eukaryotic cells are more complicated than prokaryotic cells since they have more complex organelles and membranes.
What are Prokaryotic cells Prokaryotes are a category of organisms that include bacteria and archaea. They are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles that eukaryotic cells have. Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure and less complex metabolic activities. They have a circular chromosome that is located in the nucleoid area of the cell.Why are Eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they are housed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Eukaryotic chromosomes are also linear in structure, with more complex packaging and include more proteins. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain telomeres, centromeres, and other specialized structures, whereas prokaryotic chromosomes do not.
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Describe the different morphological types of viruses and give examples of each type:
a. Helical
b. Icosahedral
c. Complex
2. Compare and contrast the multiplication of bacteriophages versus the multiplication of animal viruses:
3. Describe how arthropods can act as mechanical vectors and biological vectors:
4. Describe five (5) characteristics of fungi and how they differ from othermicroorganisms: 5. Describe common characteristic of protozoans (protists). Name three (3) protozoans that are human parasites:
6. What are helminths? Name and describe three (3) that can cause problems in humans
Answers
Bacteriophages multiply within bacterial cells through the lytic or lysogenic cycle, while animal viruses typically use the steps of attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.
Helical viruses have a coiled or spiral-shaped capsid, such as the tobacco mosaic virus. Icosahedral viruses have a symmetrical icosahedral-shaped capsid, like the adenovirus. Complex viruses have a combination of both helical and icosahedral components, such as bacteriophages.
Bacteriophages multiply within bacterial cells through the lytic or lysogenic cycle, while animal viruses typically use the steps of attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release.
Arthropods can act as mechanical vectors by carrying pathogens on their bodies or in their mouthparts, transmitting them to humans through physical contact. They can also act as biological vectors by harboring and transmitting pathogens within their bodies, such as mosquitoes transmitting malaria parasites.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms characterized by their filamentous structure (hyphae) and reproduction through spores. They differ from other microorganisms in their mode of nutrition (absorptive), cell wall composition (chitin), mode of reproduction (asexual and sexual), growth at low pH, and preference for organic substrates.
Protozoans are single-celled eukaryotic organisms classified under the kingdom Protista. They exhibit characteristics such as being unicellular, heterotrophic, motile (using cilia, flagella, or pseudopods), and capable of reproduction through binary fission or sexual processes. Examples of human parasites include Plasmodium (causing malaria), Giardia lamblia (causing giardiasis), and Trichomonas vaginalis (causing trichomoniasis).
Helminths are parasitic worms that infect humans. Three examples of helminths that can cause problems in humans are Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Schistosoma mansoni (blood fluke). These helminths can cause diseases such as ascariasis, taeniasis/cysticercosis, and schistosomiasis, respectively. They have complex life cycles involving different developmental stages and can infect various organs or systems in the human body.
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1. The ribosomes of which of these pairs of organisms would be expected to be most similar?
A.
Libytheinae and Charazinae
B.
Libytheinae and Calinaginae
C.
Satyrinae and Calinaginae
D.
Satyrinae and Charazinae
2.The data presented would best support the theory of evolution if which of the following were also true?
A.
The Nymphalidae are more advanced than other butterflies.
B.
The Nymphalidae have more mutations than other butterflies.
C.
The Nymphalidae share a common ancestor with other butterflies.
D.
The Nymphalidae live in different geographies from other butterflies.
Answers
In this case, the ribosomes organelles of Satyrinae and Charazinae are expected to be most similar.
What is evolution?Evolution refers to the descendence with modification and therefore differences are lesser in close species.
According to the tree, the statement 'Nymphalidae share a common ancestor with other butterflies' best supports the theory of evolution.
In conclusion, in this case, the ribosomes organelles of Satyrinae and Charazinae are expected to be most similar.
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What is the source of the glycerol used in triacylglycerol synthesis
Answers
Answer:
The major sources of glycerol for triacylglycerol include pyruvate (plus lactate, alanine, and other gluconeogenic amino acids) and plasma glucose or glycerol.
Someone helm me asap pls I'm on a quiz!!!
Pick the correct match.
Animal cell / plant cell
no cell wall, only plasma membrane: Animal cell / plant cell
no large vacuole, only small ones: Animal cell / plant cell
no chlorophyll or chloroplasts: Animal cell / plant cell
cell plate and no centrioles in cell division: Animal cell / plant cell
cleavage furrow plus centrioles in cell division: Animal cell / plant cell
presence of cell wall plus plasma membrane: Animal cell / plant cell
large hypertonic vacuole: Animal cell / plant cell
chloroplasts: Animal cell / plant cell
Answers
no cell wall, only plasma membrane: Animal cell
no large vacuole, only small ones: Animal cell
no chlorophyll or chloroplasts: Animal cell
cell plate and no centrioles in cell division: Plant cell
cleavage furrow plus centrioles in cell division: Animal cell
presence of cell wall plus plasma membrane: Plant cell
large hypertonic vacuole: Plant cell
chloroplasts: Plant cell
Animal cells and plant cells have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from each other.
Animal cells do not have a cell wall but are surrounded by a plasma membrane that maintains the cell's shape and provides protection.
On the other hand, plant cells possess a cell wall in addition to the plasma membrane. The cell wall provides structural support and protection for the plant cell.
Plant cells typically contain a large central vacuole, which helps regulate cell turgidity and store water, ions, and other substances. In contrast, animal cells may have smaller vacuoles or several small ones.
Chlorophyll and chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells, allowing them to convert sunlight into energy.
Animal cells do not possess chlorophyll or chloroplasts since they obtain energy through other means such as respiration.
During cell division, plant cells form a cell plate that eventually develops into a cell wall, while animal cells undergo cell division through the formation of a cleavage furrow.
Plant cells also lack centrioles, which are present in animal cells and play a role in organizing the spindle fibers during cell division.
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please answer fully.
A person cannot produce several types of proteases. Name the problem this specific person probably has and explain why.
Answers
Answer:
The person have excess amount of proteases and when this happen, the person will protein breakdown in the body or lack of protein in the body which can affect most of the organs in the body.
Explanation:
Under normal conditions in the body, blood and body tissues have a specific potent enzyme called proteases. Protease help in the breakdown of protein in the body and play important roles in defending or fight against incoming infections and inflammatory processes in the body .There is need for thslese proteases to be regulated or control because overactivity can lead to protein destruction which will lead damage of different body organs. In order to control this, blood and other tissues in the body posses enzymes with protease inhibitory activity, these enzymes help to prevent its from undergoing excessive action and potentially harmful effects.
The DNA-editing technique CRISPR was first pioneered by Jennifer Doudna at UC Berkeley and Emmanuelle Charpentier at Umea University in Sweden. Prior to the development of CRISPR, one of the most widely used genetic technologies has been PCR. How do CRISPR and PCR differ?
Drag each item on the left to its matching item on the right.
a. Process relies on special Cas9 proteins.
b. Process allows removal or editing of genes.
c. Process relies on heat, and replication is initiated at sites targeted by primers.
d. Process quickly produces many copies of DNA.
e. Process was used by researchers to replicate pig DNA.
f. Process was used by researchers to change a small region of PERV DNA in pig genome.
g. Replication in this process begins at DNA's natural origins of replication.
1. CRISPR
2. PCR
Answers
CRISPR and PCR are two distinct genetic technologies with different applications and mechanisms. CRISPR relies on special Cas9 proteins, allows gene removal or editing, and has been used to change specific DNA regions. PCR, on the other hand, relies on heat, quickly produces many DNA copies, and is used for DNA replication and amplification.
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a DNA-editing technique that uses the CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) or similar proteins. It allows for the removal or editing of specific genes in the genome. Researchers have utilized CRISPR to edit genes in various organisms, including plants, animals, and even human cells. For example, in the case of the pig genome, CRISPR has been used to change a small region of PERV (Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus) DNA.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), on the other hand, is a widely used technique for DNA amplification and replication. It relies on heat and a DNA polymerase enzyme to quickly produce many copies of a specific DNA segment. PCR requires primers, short DNA sequences that target specific regions of the DNA template, to initiate replication. It is commonly used in molecular biology research, diagnostics, and genetic testing to amplify DNA for further analysis.
While both CRISPR and PCR are important tools in genetic research, they serve different purposes. CRISPR is primarily focused on gene editing and modification, allowing for precise changes in the genome. PCR, on the other hand, is used for DNA replication and amplification, enabling the rapid production of multiple copies of a DNA segment.
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Give two causes of Malnutrition
HELP :)
Answers
Answer:
Two causes of Malnutrition are not eating enough food and or not drinking enough water.
Explanation:
Which of the following cannot reliably prevent the impact of hurricanes on hurricane-prone places?
A)
restoring freshwater marshes
B)
allowing the growth of a natural buffer of trees
C)
completely preventing settlements in areas that seem prone to catastrophes
D)
encouraging people to avoid settling in areas known to be hazardous
E)
using satellite images to predict hurricanes
Answers
Answer:
I think the answer is d I hope this help
Answer:
A) restoring freshwater marshes
Explanation:
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I added a picture it’s simple plz help
Answers
Answer:
The higher the density, the more closely packed the particles called atoms and molecules. The lower the density the more spaced muy the particles are
If density = mass divided by volume, than the more volume a material has the less dense it is. For example, if there are five people in a room that is 5ft. by 5ft. the people will be tightly packed together and more dense. If those same five people were in a room that is 20ft. by 20ft. they would have more space and it would not be as dense in the room.
Please help~ Biology
1. What type of organism goes through Photosynthesis?
2. What type of organism goes through Cellular Respiration?
3. Define Enzyme, Products and Reactants
don't waste my points or I'll report
Answers
2) animals, plants, and fungi, and also in algae and other protists.
3) An enzyme is a type of protein found within a cell that creates reactions.
The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.
Answer:
Explanation:
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All the different organisms interacting in a pond make up
A community
A population
The water cycle
The habitat
Answers
Answer: clean evironment
Explanation:
Answer:
they would make up a population
Explanation:
A bunch of creatures combined in the pool made the, population in the pool.
True or False? Organelles such as the mitochondria and the golgi apparatus are found floating around in the cytoplasm in the cell
Answers
Answer:
True
Mitochondria and goigl apparatus are found floating around in the cytoplasm in the cell.
How does cystic fibrosis affect mitosis? If yes, explain how.
Answers
Answer:
Yes, it does affect mitosis.
Explanation:
CF is caused by a mutation in the gene that produces cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator proteins. This defective CFTR protein will change ion influx and efflux across the body's cell membranes. This, in turn, will change the environment of the cells.
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Item 5
What molecule that is created during photosynthesis provides energy for cellular processes?
ATP
chlorophyll
glucose
oxygen
Answers
Answer:
Glucose is the answer because it is one of the end products of photosynthesis which is used to generate ATP for the cell through the first process of cellular respiration glycolysis
Answer:
glucose
Explanation:
took test