What is cosubstrate in enzyme?

Copying genetic information from DNA to RNA is called transcription.

Using the information contained in mRNA is called translation.

Therefore, the correct answer is:

a) Transcription (for copying genetic information from DNA to RNA)

b) Translation (for using the information contained in mRNA)

Copying  inheritable information from DNA to RNA is a  pivotal step in gene expression and is known as recap. Recap involves the  conflation of a  reciprocal RNA  patch using one  beachfront of the DNA as a template. The process of recap is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which recognizes specific regions on the DNA called promoters and initiates the  conflation of RNA.  

During recap, the DNA double helix unwinds, and the RNA polymerase binds to the  protagonist region. The enzyme  also moves along the DNA template  beachfront, adding  reciprocal RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. Adenine( A)  dyads with uracil( U) in RNA, cytosine( C)  dyads with guanine( G), and thymine( T)  dyads with adenine( A) in DNA. This process continues until the RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence,  motioning the end of recap.  

Learn more about RNA at

https://brainly.com/question/12324123

#SPJ4

Answer:

B

Explanation:

they are heterotrophic. This means that they rely on food from their environment to obtain energy.

They play an important role in decomposition. Fungi help catabolism of complex organic matter into simple available inorganic forms. In other words they breakdown organic matter to obtain energy. This process of decomposition requires aerobic ambient and moisture therefore they are mostly found in moist habitats rich in detritus.

Fungi need to live in moist areas because they have a large surface area relative to their volume, which makes them susceptible to drying out quickly in dry environments, which is option C.

Fungi are heterotrophs, which means they cannot make their own food like autotrophs (e.g., plants and algae) do, and instead, they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their surroundings. Fungi release digestive enzymes from their hyphae, which break down complex organic matter into simpler compounds that can be absorbed by the hyphae. To reach and break down sources of food, the hyphae need to grow and spread through the substrate (e.g., soil, wood, or another organism).

Hence, fungi need to live in moist areas because they have a large surface area relative to their volume, which makes them susceptible to drying out quickly in dry environments, which is option C.

Learn more about the fungi here.

https://brainly.com/question/11887611

#SPJ3

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Hi i linked my work below:)

Answer:

The correct answer is Single Circular DNA Molecule.

Explanation:

A bacterial genome, which is the DNA that is found in bacteria collectively, is a double stranded circular DNA. So it has no start and end like double stranded helix DNA. The option D, which is "Single Circular DNA Molecule" is correct.

I hope this answer helps.

Answer:

tau ceti

Explanation:

The major capsid protein of the HIV gag polyprotein is p24.

It is an essential component of the virus's core, and is responsible for forming the virus's outer shell and protecting its genome from the host cell's immune system.

p24 is a structural protein and is the main component of the capsid, or outer shell, of the HIV virus. It binds to the virus's RNA and helps to package it for transport and release into the host cell. It is also responsible for the attachment and entry of the virus into the cell, and for helping the virus to evade the host cell's immune system. It is also responsible for helping the virus to remain infectious in the host cell, as well as for helping to mediate the integration of the viral genome into the host cell's DNA.

To know more about  capsid protein click on below link:

https://brainly.com/question/9904864#

#SPJ11

Answer:

The least reliable birth control method is the rhythm method. The rhythm method involves tracking the menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse on days when a woman is most fertile. This method is considered to be unreliable because it does not take into account variations in a woman's cycle, or other factors such as stress or illness that could potentially impact fertility.

Answer:

The Roots have what are known as Root Hair Cells on their surface, these Root Hair Cells increase the Surface Area of the Root allowing a more efficient absorption of Water and Mineral Ions. Found within the cells is a large Vacuole. the role of any Vacuole is to hold the nutrients (mainly salts and sugars) needed for the cell to carry out its multiple functions. So, with this Vacuole being large, it allows more of these nutrients to be held for the Root.

In operant conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that elicits a reflexive response. This process allows individuals, including babies, to build expectations about stimulus events.

While babies may not have control over the stimuli that occur, they are actively involved in the learning process. Infants' behavior can be influenced by the stimuli that follow their actions, leading to changes in the probability of the behavior occurring again in the future.

Through repeated associations, babies' nervous systems make connections between stimuli, and the once-neutral stimulus becomes capable of producing the desired behavior.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow. In this process, a neutral stimulus refers to a stimulus that does not initially elicit any particular response.

However, when it is paired with a conditioned stimulus, which already triggers a reflexive response, the neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit the same response. This is known as classical conditioning, where the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

As babies engage with their environment and perform actions, they learn through the consequences that follow. Positive consequences, such as rewards or reinforcements, increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring in the future.

On the other hand, negative consequences, such as punishments or removal of rewards, decrease the probability of the behavior happening again. This process of reinforcement or punishment shapes the infants' behavior and helps them develop expectations about the stimuli and their own actions.

In summary, operant conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a reflexive response. Babies actively participate in the learning process by forming expectations based on the consequences that follow their behaviors.

Through repeated associations, a once-neutral stimulus can acquire the ability to produce a specific behavior, influenced by the reinforcement or punishment that follows the baby's actions.

To learn more about stimulus click here: brainly.com/question/298785

#SPJ11

In operant conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that elicits a reflexive response. This process allows individuals, including babies, to build expectations about stimulus events.

While babies may not have control over the stimuli that occur, they are actively involved in the learning process. Infants' behavior can be influenced by the stimuli that follow their actions, leading to changes in the probability of the behavior occurring again in the future.

Through repeated associations, babies' nervous systems make connections between stimuli, and the once-neutral stimulus becomes capable of producing the desired behavior.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow. In this process, a neutral stimulus refers to a stimulus that does not initially elicit any particular response.

However, when it is paired with a conditioned stimulus, which already triggers a reflexive response, the neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit the same response. This is known as classical conditioning, where the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

As babies engage with their environment and perform actions, they learn through the consequences that follow. Positive consequences, such as rewards or reinforcements, increase the likelihood of the behavior recurring in the future.

On the other hand, negative consequences, such as punishments or removal of rewards, decrease the probability of the behavior happening again. This process of reinforcement or punishment shapes the infants' behavior and helps them develop expectations about the stimuli and their own actions.

In summary, operant conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a reflexive response. Babies actively participate in the learning process by forming expectations based on the consequences that follow their behaviors.

Through repeated associations, a once-neutral stimulus can acquire the ability to produce a specific behavior, influenced by the reinforcement or punishment that follows the baby's actions.

To learn more about stimulus click here: brainly.com/question/298785

#SPJ11

The average trait value must have changed in a single direction and therefore it is an example of directional selection.

The correct option is option d.

Directional selection is a type of natural selection where individuals with traits that deviate from the average are favored and have higher reproductive success. This leads to a shift in the frequency distribution of a trait in a population towards one extreme.

In directional selection, the selective pressure favors individuals with traits that are advantageous in a particular environment. The average trait value changed in a single direction and in the case it must have moved towards the larger size.

Hence, the correct option is option d.

To know more about directional selection

https://brainly.com/question/12218101

#SPJ4

--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Consider the data on cliff swallow mortality. Why is this an example of directional selection?

a. Overall genetic variation decreased.

b. Selection did not occur, because no reproduction occurred (just survival).

c. Individuals with intermediate phenotypes survived best.

d. The average trait value changed in one direction (in this case, larger size)."--

The answer is e. lipid storage droplets. A phospholipid monolayer coating a core of triacylglycerols or cholesteryl esters describes lipid storage droplets.

Lipid storage droplets are cellular organelles used to store lipids, such as triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters, for later use as an energy source. The droplets are composed of a core of lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer membrane. The membrane is important for maintaining the structure of the droplet and preventing the lipids from interacting with other cellular components.

These droplets are found in a variety of cells, including adipocytes, liver cells, and muscle cells, and their size and number can change depending on the metabolic needs of the cell. Dysfunction in lipid storage droplets has been associated with several diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.

Learn more about triacylglycerols here:

https://brainly.com/question/31733286

#SPJ11

False, algae poisoning does not occur when the water blooms are light and dispersed away from the shore. When an excessive amount of toxin-producing algae grows in a body of water, this is called a harmful algal bloom (HAB).

Similar to plants, algae are microscopic organisms that inhabit aquatic environments and use photosynthesis to generate energy from sunlight. Green growth sprouts can happen when a mix of reasonable ecological circumstances exist for plentiful algal development e.g. hotter temperature, expanded supplements, and bountiful light.

Learn more about algae, here:

https://brainly.com/question/15643606

#SPJ1

In the absence of oxygen and other electronegative substances, ATP can still be made via anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP without the use of oxygen.

This process occurs in organisms that are unable to survive in oxygen-rich environments, such as some bacteria and certain types of cells in the human body. Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen and other electronegative substances to create ATP. During anaerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, and the energy released is used to generate ATP. The end products of this process are lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the type of organism. These byproducts can build up in cells and cause fatigue or damage to tissues if not removed.

To know more about ATP

https://brainly.com/question/893601

#SPJ11

Answer:

It might be C? I would use this as a back up answer though

The characteristic that makes a cell membrane selectively permeable is primarily determined by the chemical nature of the membrane itself.

The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, which consists of phospholipids with hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails.

This arrangement creates a barrier that allows certain substances to pass through while restricting the movement of others. The lipid bilayer acts as a selective filter, regulating the passage of molecules based on their size, charge, and solubility in lipids.

Additionally, the presence of specific membrane proteins, such as channels and transporters, further contributes to the selective permeability of the cell membrane by facilitating the transport of specific molecules across the membrane.

To know more about selectively permeable refer to-

https://brainly.com/question/31565966

#SPJ11

False: you are going to use a mammal model to test a hypothesis on metabolism in your lab section.

The organs of mammals, including humans, perform a variety of physiological tasks in a highly integrated and regulated manner. Relationships involve an intricate web of hormones, circulating substances, cells, and cell-cell communication in every compartment. Biologists investigate creatures at many scales, including molecules, cells, organs, and physiological processes, whether they are healthy or ill.

In addition to being a common topic of discussion in our cultures, the use of animals for scientific purposes is a long-standing practice in biological study and medicine. Because of the striking anatomical and physiological similarities between humans and other animals, especially mammals, researchers have looked into a variety of causes and evaluated novel treatments in animal models before using what they have learned in humans. This is why we don't use mammals.

To know more about mammals, refer:

https://brainly.com/question/14566436

#SPJ4

Poaching and habitat destruction have further decreased the number of cheetahs, which has further reduced genetic diversity and made cheetahs more susceptible to extinction.

A population's homozygosity, a measure of how genetically similar its members are to one another, indicates how genetically "poor" that population is. Genomes of cheetahs often have more homozygosity than 90%. Researchers believe that either climate change, excessive human predation, or both were to blame for these extinctions. Notably, African mammals were generally unaffected; nonetheless, it's possible that the cheetah just narrowly avoided extinction, leading to a genetic bottleneck. We are concerned about African cheetahs and other species with tiny populations because of genetic drift. Smaller populations have less variation than larger populations, hence there is more drift in these populations.

To learn more about  Genomes  here,

https://brainly.com/question/28200130

#SPJ4

Answer:

well a hypothesis is literally a scientific assumption or theory used to describe what they think is going to happen during a experiment

Given what we know, we can confirm that the statement in the question is in fact true given that the chemiosmotic gradient causes the production of an electrochemical gradient.

Therefore, we can confirm that the statement is true given that although one definition is specific to a special ion, both refer to the same mechanisms and will be present together.

To learn more about chemical gradients visit:

https://brainly.com/question/19589080?referrer=searchResults

Answer:

1. they are the most complex green flowering plants

2. they are vascular plants

3. they have well developed and complete flower

4. they are mainly terrestrial plants

5. they are seed plants with seed enclosed in the fruit

Explanation:

hope this helps

Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacterium. It is a sexually transmitted infection that can affect various organs and tissues if left untreated.

Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacterium. It is a sexually transmitted infection that can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her unborn child during pregnancy or childbirth. Treponema pallidum is highly motile and can penetrate the skin or mucous membranes through microscopic abrasions during sexual contact.

Treponema pallidum enters the body and spreads through the bloodstream, leading to systemic infection. It can affect various organs and tissues, including the skin, mucous membranes, bones, joints, and internal organs. If left untreated, syphilis can progress through different stages and cause severe complications, including damage to the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and other vital organs.

The correct answer is option a. Treponema pallidum. It is important to diagnose and treat syphilis promptly to prevent the progression of the infection and potential long-term complications. Testing for syphilis typically involves blood tests or examination of fluid from syphilis sores. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, such as penicillin, which effectively eliminate the bacteria and resolve the infection.

To know more about Syphilis ,

https://brainly.com/question/13154433

#SPJ11

Covering and lining epithelia are classified based on several criteria. The classification of covering and lining epithelia is based on the number of layers of cells present, the shape of the cells, and the presence or absence of surface modifications, as well as their location.

The following are some of the criteria used to classify covering and lining epithelia: Based on the number of cell layers present Simple epithelium- This type of epithelium is made up of a single layer of cells. It is further divided into different types based on the shape of the cells present. For example, a simple squamous epithelium is composed of a single layer of flattened cells, while a simple columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall cells.

Stratified epithelium- This type of epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells. The outermost layer of cells is referred to as the apical layer, and it is usually flat. It can be further classified based on the shape of the cells present, for example, stratified squamous epithelium or stratified columnar epithelium.Pseudostratified epithelium - This type of epithelium appears to have multiple layers of cells due to the position of the nuclei in the cells. It is also commonly referred to as false stratified epithelium because all cells come in contact with the basement membrane.

To know more about epithelia   visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/14833038

#SPJ11

In my experience the answer would be:

"In an ethical argument, some people argue that human embryonic cells should be protected."

Because as with abortion, the general idea is that stem cells or embryos have life and must be protected. Therefore, there are many people against stem cell therapies. However, in the scientific community, stem cells are not considered conscious organisms.

The environmental factor will cause a plant shoot to grow in a direction other than straight up is the location of the light.

Phototropism is the process through which an organism grows in response to a light stimulation. Phototropism is most commonly found in plants, however it may also be found in other creatures like as fungus. The cells on the plant that are the furthest away from the light contain an auxin hormone that responds when phototropism occurs.

As a result, the plant's cells on the farthest side from the light become elongated. Phototropism is one of several plant tropisms or movements that are triggered by external stimuli. Positive phototropism is defined as growth toward a light source, and negative phototropism is defined as growth away from light.

Negative phototropism should not be confused with skototropism, which is defined as growth away from a light source, whereas negative phototropism can refer to either growth away from a light source or growth towards darkness.

learn more about phototropism at https://brainly.com/question/24567669

#SPJ4

cd4+ t cells are activated by interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.

What is MHC molecule?

A sizable region of vertebrate DNA called the major histocompatibility complex houses a group of closely related polymorphic genes that code for the cell surface proteins needed by the adaptive immune system. These MHC molecules are cell surface proteins.

A controlled, efficient immune response to pathogens depends on CD4+T cells. After interacting with the antigen-MHC complex, naive CD4+T cells become activated and undergo specialized subtype differentiation that is largely influenced by the cytokine milieu of the microenvironment.

Hence the correct answer is interaction between CD4+ and MHC II.

To learn more about MHC molecule from the given link

https://brainly.com/question/13051585

#SPJ4

Answer:

Vacuoles

Explanation:

The poisons of the plant are moved into the vacuoles and stored in them.

I hope it will help :)

Answer: woooow

Explanation: