What holds the two nucleotides together in DNA?
Answers
In DNA, the two nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between their nitrogenous bases. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G).
A purine base always pairs with a pyrimidine base because their widths are different, and a purine base always pairs with a pyrimidine base because their widths are different. The purine base's double ring is greater than the pyrimidine base's single ring, allowing for precise binding between the two complementary bases.
Because adenine (A) and thymine (T) have two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine (C) and guanine (G) have three hydrogen bonds, this results in consistent spacing between the paired bases. In a base pair, the A-T pair has two hydrogen bonds, while the C-G pair has three hydrogen bonds. Because the A-T pair only has two hydrogen bonds, it is less stable than the C-G pair.
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Related Questions
Scientists predicted that gene copy number is proportional to protein expression for pyruvate kinase. If this hypothesis is correct, which kinetic parameter would be expected to double when the gene copy number doubles?
Answers
If the hypothesis that gene copy number is proportional to protein expression for pyruvate kinase is correct, the kinetic parameter that would be expected to double when the gene copy number doubles is Vmax.
Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in the glycolysis pathway. Scientists predicted that the gene copy number of pyruvate kinase is proportional to protein expression. This means that if the gene copy number doubles, the protein expression of pyruvate kinase is also expected to double.
Now, if this hypothesis is correct, we need to identify which kinetic parameter would be expected to double when the gene copy number doubles. Kinetic parameters are the constants that describe the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
One of the important kinetic parameters of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is the maximum velocity (Vmax). Vmax is the maximum rate of reaction when all the enzyme active sites are fully occupied with substrate.
If the gene copy number doubles and protein expression also doubles, it is expected that the amount of enzyme present in the system also doubles. This means that the number of active sites available for the substrate to bind to would also double. As a result, the Vmax would be expected to double when the gene copy number doubles.
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What invention was necessary to enable humans to initially study cells?
Answers
Answer:
Microscope
Explanation:
The discovery of cells arose from the development of the microscope: Robert Hooke first used the term “cell” following his observations of a piece of cork with a simple light microscope in 1665
Answer:
Microscope
Explanation:
This was one of my questions on my test
pls help
16. Outline how Oersted accidentally discovered that an electric current creates a magnetic field.
17. Identify two factors that affect the magnetic field surrounding a wire that is carrying electric current.
Answers
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
16.
Ironically, Oersted made his discovery during a lecture where he was trying to show to students that electricity and magnetism are in fact not related. Using a compass and a wire with current, he showed that the needle of the compass pointed toward the earth's north pole. However, a student accidentally found out that moving the wire made the compass needle turn, which prompted Oersted to rethink his ideas.
17.
A magnetic field is largely affected by temperature, since a higher temperature causes the molecules in the wire to jiggle faster, and make the flow of electrons more difficult. The field is also affected by the material that the wire is made out of, because this once again impacts the conductivity of it and how much electricity can flow through it.
Hope this helps!
which one of the following is true regarding erythropoietin? group of answer choices it causes the bladder to store increased amounts of urine. it stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. it is secreted by the liver in response to rising blood ph. it is secreted in response to rising blood oxygen levels. it is part of a positive feedback loop used to control the amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys.
Answers
The true statement regarding erythropoietin is that it stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
This process is known as erythropoiesis and is a detailed physiological process regulated by erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.
Among the given answer choices, the true statement regarding erythropoietin is:
it stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys and plays a crucial role in maintaining a stable level of red blood cells in the body.
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A colony of mold cells lives in an environment with no oxygen.
Which process is most likely for the mold cells to use to produce ATP?
O aerobic cellular respiration
O endocytosis
O fermentation
O protein synthesis
Answers
If a colony of mold cells lives in an environment with no oxygen, then the process most likely for the mold cells to use to produce ATP is the fermentation that is present in the third option.
What is the fermentation process?When there is a lack of oxygen in the cell, the cell cannot produce the majority of the ATPs from the glucose and instead produces less ATP, which is known as fermentation, and this can be of many types.
Hence, if a colony of mold cells lives in an environment with no oxygen, then the process most likely for the mold cells to use to produce ATP is the fermentation that is present in the third option.
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What lowers the melting temperature when volcanoes are formed at convergent boundaries?
Answers
The presence of water or other volatile substances lowers the melting temperature during volcano formation at convergent boundaries.
When tectonic plates converge, one plate subducts beneath the other, carrying water and volatiles into the melting temperature . These volatiles act as fluxes, reducing the melting point of the surrounding rocks. As a result, the rocks undergo partial melting at lower temperatures than they would under normal conditions. This leads to the formation of magma, which ascends to the surface, resulting in volcanic activity. The addition of water and other volatiles is crucial in facilitating the melting process and triggering volcanic eruptions at convergent boundaries.
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What is the ciliated neuroglial cell that functions to circulate cerebrospinal fluid?.
Answers
Answer:ependymal cells
Answer to: Identify the neuroglial cell from its function: Ciliated cells in the CNS that form and circulate cerebrospinal fluid are called ependymal cells.
Explanation:d
Most of the border of the state of Florida is where the land meets the ocean. What term is used for this?
Answers
Answer: Coast? Or peninsula
Explanation:
Cell membranes have distinct inside and outside faces. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature? 1) Since the cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as epithelium, the membrane must be asymmetrical.
Answers
The most likely explanation for the asymmetrical nature of cell membranes is that they are composed of different types of lipids and proteins on the inside and outside faces.
This is because the inside and outside of the cell have different functions and therefore require different types of molecules to carry out those functions. For example, the inside of the cell may contain enzymes and other proteins that are involved in metabolism, while the outside of the cell may contain receptors and other proteins that are involved in communication with other cells. The different types of lipids and proteins on the inside and outside faces of the cell membrane help to ensure that the cell can carry out its specific functions effectively.
In conclusion, the most likely explanation for the asymmetrical nature of cell membranes is that they are composed of different types of lipids and proteins on the inside and outside faces to carry out different functions.
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Pathways for Pyruvate. Sort the following items according to whether they are reactants or products in the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate during lactic acid formentation Drag each item to the appropriate bin. NAD, NADH, lactate, pyruvate, reactants, products.
Answers
The pyruvate reaction produces lactate and the NADH reaction produces NAD+.
Glycolysis produces 2ATP and 2NADH when glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates (pyruvic acid). Further fermentation will break down pyruvic acid into lactic acid without oxygen which produces a small amount of ATP.
Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD + pyruvic acid + → 2ADPH
Pyruvic acid + lactic acid → 2NADH + 2NAD+
This occurs in anaerobic fermentation which occurs in some bacteria and animals such as muscle cells. Lactic acid builds up in the muscles causing muscle aches or pains and it is carried to the liver where it is converted back into pyruvate.
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what does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open
Answers
A ligand-gated channel require in order to open and the opening of ligand-gated cation channels.
What happens when acetylcholine ligand molecule binds to its receptor?When an acetylcholine ligand molecule binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma, it triggers a conformational change. A "gate" in the receptor opens and allows Na⁺ ions to pass through a channel into the muscle fiber.
Input region or postsynaptic region or dendrite is the site of neuron cell which receives the impulse from the pre-synaptic neuron at the synaptic junction. The cell membrane of the dendrite is embedded with ligand-gated channels which opens up in response to the ligand (neurotransmitters) produced by the neurotransmitter vesicle of axon or output region of neuron.
Therefore, A ligand-gated channel require in order to open and the opening of ligand-gated cation channels.
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Peas (case study 28) by Stuart Chambers and Tammy Helander
1.What are the capacities at each main stage of the pea processing?
2 Which is the bottleneck process, and how is this managed to maximise throughput?
3 (a) What is the design capacity of the overall operation?
(b) What is the effective capacity?
(c) Calculate the efficiency and utilisation for the operation over the current
year’s pea season. Would this give a good indication of the factory performance, for example in benchmarking against other factories in the group, such
as frozen pizza manufacturing?
4 Prepare graphs showing:
(a) the daily output compared to design and effective capacity
(b) cumulative output compared to cumulative design and effective capacity
What do these tell us about the operation?
5 Summarise the reasons why capacity is lost on some days in mid-season.
What could be done to reduce this problem?
6 Do you think that John Lincoln’s desire to extend the pea harvest period is the
best strategy for the overall operation?
Answers
John Lincoln’s desire to extend the pea harvest period is not the best strategy for the overall operation as it will lead to increased costs and a lower quality product.
Capacities at each main stage of the pea processing are as follows:
Infeed: 9000 kg/hr
De-stoning: 2000 kg/hr
Blanching: 2000 kg/hr
Cooling: 2000 kg/hr
Drying: 2500 kg/hr
Sorting and grading: 2000 kg/hr
Packaging: 2000 kg/hr
The bottleneck process is the drying stage and is managed by adding two drying silos.
The design capacity of the overall operation is 2000 kg/hr x 24 hrs = 48,000 kg/day.
The effective capacity = total weight of peas processed during the season / total number of days in the season. Effective capacity = 2,072,000 kg / 93 days = 22,301.08 kg/day.
Efficiency = (actual output / standard output) x 100% = 2072000 kg / 2305200 kg x 100% = 89.93%.Utilisation = (actual output / design capacity) x 100% = 2072000 kg / 2304000 kg x 100% = 89.94%.
The efficiency and utilization of the operation over the current year’s pea season give a good indication of the factory's performance, which is important for benchmarking against other factories in the group.
Graphs showing the daily output compared to design and effective capacity. b. Graphs showing the cumulative output compared to cumulative design and effective capacity. These graphs tell us how much output is being produced by the factory over time, and how it compares to the design and effective capacity.
Capacity is lost on some days in the mid-season due to various reasons such as poor weather conditions, mechanical problems, and quality issues. To reduce this problem, the factory can take several measures, such as maintaining equipment, improving quality control, and increasing storage capacity.
John Lincoln’s desire to extend the pea harvest period is not the best strategy for the overall operation as it will lead to increased costs and a lower-quality product. Instead, the factory should focus on improving efficiency and utilization to maximize output while maintaining quality.
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If the movement of molecules or ions requires a protein channel of some sort, it is called facilitated trans
still requiring no energy
Answers
If the movement of molecules or ions requires a protein channel, it is called facilitated transport still it does not require energy. The given statement is true.
What is Facilitated diffusion?Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via some specific transmembrane integral proteins such as channels or carrier proteins.
Facilitated diffusion is also called the carrier-mediated diffusion because a substance which is transported in this manner diffuses through the membrane with the help of a protein. That is, the protein facilitates diffusion of the substance to the other side of the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion does not require high energy molecules such as ATP like active transport. This type of diffusion uses protein to transport molecules across the plasma membrane.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
If the movement of molecules or ions requires a protein channel of some sort, it is called facilitated transport still requiring no energy. True or False?
Which iS required for both anaerobic
respiration and aerobic respiration?
oxygen
water
mitochondria
glucose
Answers
Answer:
glucose
Explanation:
bc i said so
what advantage might a segmented worm have over a non-segmented worm have in terms of movement?
Answers
The advantage of segmentation in segmented worms over non-segmented worms is strong and flexible movement.
Segmented worms are worms that have a segmented body with repeating units. Unsegmented worms are worms that do not have segmentation.
The main advantage of segmented worms over unsegmented worms is that segmentation allows these worms to move freely.
Each segment has its nerve and muscle tissue. Each has bristles called setae. When a worm moves through dirt, the bristles or setae aid in anchoring and controlling it.
While the other portion of the worm's body protrudes forward, the bristles firmly anchor one part of the worm to the ground.
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when people take a mineral and hold it up, what kind of test is that?
a) luster
b) cleavage
c) hardness
can someone plss help me??
Answers
Answer:
Luster
Explanation:
luster is the only answer that has to do with light. Luster is measured by the way a mineral reflects light.
Cleavage has to do with breaking minerals apart along certain fracture lines. Cleavage is not the answer.
Hardness is a test where one mineral is used to scratch another. The one that does the scratching is harder than the one that is scratched.
Which of the following macromolecules contain the element carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen in their structure?
A: carbohydrates & nucleic acids
B: nucleic acids & lipids
C:proteins & nucleic acids
D: proteins & carbohydrates
Answers
Answer:
C: proteins & nucleic acids
Explanation:
Which is the process of data gathering that uses instruments on satellites aircraft’s or ships?
Answers
Answer: Remote Sensing
Explanation: The process of gathering data about Earth using instruments mounted on satellites, airplanes, or ships is called remote sensing. Landsat satellites record reflected wavelengths of visible light and infrared radiation from Earth's surface, and then computers convert the information into digital images.
what zone has the most organisms using sunlight and carbon dioxide?
Answers
The epipelagic zone (or upper open ocean) is the part of the ocean that has enough sunlight for algae to use photosynthesis, the process by which organisms use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into food.
In which zones do most organisms utilize sunlight?The upper zone is the receiving or sunlit zone. It is a sea area where the sun shines. Since this zone receives sunlight, photosynthesis takes place and plants can grow here. The sunlit zone decreases to about 660 feet.
In which zone does most photosynthesis occur?In fact, 95% of ocean photosynthesis takes place in the photo zone. So deep beyond the Photic zone, such as the compensation point, there is little to no phytoplankton due to insufficient solar radiation.
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Which of the following is/are important feature(s) of a high-quality Web site?A. The objectivity of the organization that produces the Web site.B. Recent updating of the Web site.C. The presence of references for the data or conclusions presented on the Web site.D. The availability of information on the source of funding for the Web site.E. All of these are correct.
Answers
The objectivity of the Web site, recent updating of the Web site, presence of references for the data or conclusions presented on the Web site, and availability of information on the ensures of funding for the Web site.
Correct answer is : E. All of these are correct.
The web site is essential as it provides the users with the latest and accurate information. The presence of references for the data or conclusions presented on the web site enables the users to verify the authenticity of the information provided. The availability of information on the source of funding for the web site helps the users to evaluate the site's credibility. Therefore, all of these features are necessary for a high-quality web site.
The objectivity of the organization that produces the Web site (A) is important because it ensures the information is unbiased and reliable. Recent updating of the Web site (B) is crucial as it indicates the information is current and up-to-date. The presence of references for the data or conclusions presented on the Web site (C) adds credibility and allows users to verify the information. The availability of information on the source of funding for the Web site (D) helps users understand any potential biases or conflicts of interest.
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help plsssssjssssss fasttttt
Answers
Answer:
second one
Explanation:
DNA is alternating
which of the following is not a normal characteristic of the normal microbota of the urinary and reproductive system
Answers
The typical microbiota are more prevalent in the male urethra than the female urethra.
briefly:-In most cases, the urethra is axenic. In the urethra, particularly in the distal stop, germs are usually present. At specific times during the menstrual cycle, the relative quantities of various species of common vaginal microbiota may alter. By out-competing harmful microbes, the normal microbiota shield us from disease. often connected to sickness symptoms.
What three components of urine might be found in a patient with a urinary tract infection?UTIs are indicated by the presence of bacteria in the urine. A urinary tract infection may be indicated by the presence of yeast cells or parasites (such as the parasite that causes trichomoniasis). The sample could not be as pure as it should be if there are squamous cells present.
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Generation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of deer
2
4
8
16
32
58
60
60
60
56
The data table above shows the growth of a deer population over 10 generations. Which number best
represents the concept of “carrying capacity” of the deer population?
a. 58
b. 32
c. 60
d. 120
Answers
Answer:
so many deer
Explanation:
123456789
mention 6 substances secreted by the body
Answers
Answer:
Saliva
Lipase
Amylase
Trysin
Pepsin
Erepsin
Explanation:
Substances? Just any substances?
2. What conclusions can be drawn from the objects that
Leeuwenhoek and Hooke observed in their microscopes?
Explain.
Answers
Answer:
ok
Explanation:
You may use a dictionary to find synonyms for these words: dominion, replenish, subdue, judgment, stewardship. find each of the passages using these words related to principles of ecology.
Answers
According to the information we can infer that some synonyms for the words are Dominion: Sovereignty, control, authority; Replenish: Refill, restore, renew; Subdue: Conquer, overcome, tame; Judgment: Decision, verdict, assessment; Stewardship: Management, caretaking, responsibility...
What are some synonyms for each term?Dominion: Synonyms for "dominion" include sovereignty, control, and authority. These words convey the idea of having power or rule over something.Replenish: Synonyms for "replenish" include refill, restore, and renew. These words imply the act of filling or restoring something to its original or desired state.Subdue: Synonyms for "subdue" include conquer, overcome, and tame. These words suggest bringing something under control or reducing its intensity.Judgment: Synonyms for "judgment" include decision, verdict, and assessment. These words refer to the act of making a determination or forming an opinion.Stewardship: Synonyms for "stewardship" include management, caretaking, and responsibility. These words highlight the idea of taking care of and responsibly managing resources.How these words are related to principles of ecology?Dominion: "Human beings should exercise responsible stewardship and care for the environment, recognizing that they have sovereignty over it but also the duty to protect and preserve its resources."Replenish: "It is crucial to adopt sustainable practices that replenish natural resources, such as reforestation programs and responsible fishing practices, to ensure their availability for future generations."Subdue: "In the context of ecological restoration, our goal is not to subdue or control nature but to work with it, understanding its dynamics and fostering a balanced ecosystem."Judgment: "Scientific research and data analysis play a vital role in forming informed judgments and making evidence-based decisions regarding environmental policies and conservation efforts."Stewardship: "Ecological stewardship involves the wise management and responsible use of natural resources, considering long-term sustainability and the well-being of both ecosystems and human communities."Learn more about synonyms in: https://brainly.com/question/28598800
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Drag each label to the correct location on the image.
A diagram of an animal cell is shown below. Each arrow points to a different organelle. Correctly label each organelle.
ribosome
centriole
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
mitochondrion
cell
membrane
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
PRO
Golgi
apparatus
nucleus
Answers
The label on the animal cells for each organelle is attached below.
What makes up an animal cell?Cell membrane: The cell membrane is the outer layer of the cell. It protects the cell from its surroundings and controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs that are dotted with ribosomes. The ribosomes are responsible for making proteins.
Ribosome: Ribosomes are small organelles that are responsible for making proteins. They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened sacs that are involved in processing and packaging proteins.
Mitochondrion: The mitochondrion is the "powerhouse" of the cell. It produces energy in the form of ATP.
Centrosome: The centrosome is a small structure that contains two centrioles. The centrioles are involved in cell division.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous sacs that are not dotted with ribosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in a variety of functions, including lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Nucleus: The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains the cell's DNA, which is the genetic material.
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What is the rib cage called in anatomy?
Answers
The rib cage is called the thorax in anatomy.
The thorax is a bony cage located in the upper part of the torso that serves as a protective barrier for the vital organs in the chest, such as the heart and lungs. It is composed of the rib bones, which are connected to the vertebral column in the back, and the sternum in the front. The rib cage bones form a complete circular structure around the chest and the thorax protects the important organs, while also providing attachment points for the muscles used in breathing and movement. The thorax is an essential component of the human body and plays a vital role in maintaining the structure and function of the upper torso.
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Which figure is the percent of energy at which one trophic level generally flows to the next level?
1)10%
2)35%
3)50%
4)100%
Answers
Answer:
Which figure is the percent of energy at which one trophic level generally flows to the next level 10
Plants in different environments have challenges that only they have. For example, the growth of a plant in a rainforest (e.g., an orchid) might be more affected by different things than a plant in a desert (e.g., a succulent). In three to five sentences, compare environmental challenges that could affect the photosynthetic process of a rainforest plant versus a desert plant.
Answers
Explanation:
a rainforest plant will have a great number of large green leaves in order to capture the most amount of sunlight that is able to pass through to the lower levels in the rainforest. Also due to the humidity and low wind speed there isn't a high rate of transpiration.
whereas a desert plant where there is high temperatures, low humidity and high wind speed, plants such as cacti have torn as leaves which blocks the stomata in most cases to prevent water loss and to ward off predators, the cacti has roots that allow it to absorb water before it can evaporate