what enzymes does gluconeogenesis use to circumnavigate the pyruvate kinase reaction?
Answers
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that enables the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. The pathway is essentially the reverse of glycolysis, with a few key differences.
In glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This reaction is highly exergonic and irreversible, making it a key regulatory point in glycolysis.
In gluconeogenesis, the pyruvate kinase reaction is circumvented by a series of four different enzymes. The enzymes used to bypass the pyruvate kinase reaction aren:-
1. Pyruvate carboxylase - converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) - converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the cytosol
3. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase - converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in the cytosol
4. Glucose-6-phosphatase - converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum (liver cells) or cytosol (kidney cells)
These enzymes allow the intermediates produced by gluconeogenesis to enter the glycolytic pathway at points that bypass the irreversible pyruvate kinase reaction, thus enabling the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
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Related Questions
Colonoscopy is the examination of the large colon. It allows for visual diagnosis of ulcers and polyps, which may lead to colon cancer. A polyp _____.is a cluster of abnormal cells
Answers
Colon cancer-causing ulcers and polyps can now be visually diagnosed. A collection of abnormal cells is known as a polyp carcinogen.
Explain about the polyp carcinogen?
If given the chance to develop over time, these polyps could develop into cancer. The term adenomas refers to the majority of these colon polyps. The size and location of the serrated polyps in the colon will determine whether they develop into cancer. Generally speaking, neoplastic polyps have the highest risk of malignancy among all polyp sizes.
A tissue growth that protrudes from the colon or rectum is referred to as a colorectal polyp. Although benign (i.e., not cancerous) and non-proliferating, some forms of polyps have the potential to turn malignant over time. The term "adenomatous polyps" refers to one of these varieties. We refer to these as pre-cancerous polyps.
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Why does calcium concentration matter to a cell?
Answers
Answer:
HOPE IT MAY HELP YOU
Explanation:
Calcium-based signaling is used in many cellular and neuronal processes to initiate rapid responses to extracellular signals. Cells therefore maintain tight control over intracellular Ca2+ levels, using a variety of channels and pumps.
Answer:
to answer your question it is
Explanation:
Calcium-based signaling is used in many cellular and neuronal processes to initiate rapid responses to extracellular signals. Cells therefore maintain tight control over intracellular Ca2+ levels, using a variety of channels and pumps. ... neuron
in eukaryotes, one distinct feature of chromosome organization that is different from prokaryotes is __________.
Answers
Explanation: The key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
whereas prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
Prokaryotes are creatures made up of cells without cell nuclei or any membrane-enclosed organelles.
What difference in organelle in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells, which are defined as cells with organelles that are membrane-bound, are the building blocks of both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Prokaryotic cells, in contrast, are invariably seen in unicellular organisms and lack any membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus that houses genetic material.
Therefore, in eukaryotes, one distinct feature of chromosome organization that is different from prokaryotes is nucleus.
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I need to know about everything in biology because it’s difficult
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Biology is very simple. Stay focused on brainly.
Brainly has all you need to become an excellent biology student. Just contact them for help
The word "mycotoxins" means © food poisons parasitic poisons fungus poisons O bacteria poisons
Answers
Answer:
I think the answer is food poison
Answer: poisons fungus poisons
Explanation:
A plant experiences a mutation to its xylem tissue. The plant will no longer To transport
Answers
Answer:
The plant will no longer be able to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
which is the organ (or organs) in which a fertilized egg is developed into an embryo?
Answers
The organ in which a fertilized egg is developed into an embryo is the uterus (also known as the womb) in the female reproductive system.
After fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg, known as a zygote, undergoes multiple cell divisions and develops into a ball of cells called a blastocyst.
The blastocyst then travels through the fallopian tubes and implants itself into the thick and nourishing lining of the uterus.
Once implanted, the uterus provides a suitable environment for the embryo to develop and grow. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, undergoes changes to support the development of the embryo.
Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the growing embryo, and the uterus provides protection and support throughout the gestation period.
The uterus is a vital reproductive organ responsible for nurturing and supporting the developing embryo during early pregnancy.
It plays a crucial role in facilitating the implantation, growth, and development of the fertilized egg into a developing embryo and eventually a fetus.
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The active fraction of soil organic carbon largely accounts for which of the benefits of adding organic matter to soils?
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Water-holding capacity, nutrient mineralization, biological activity, and water and air infiltration rates are the active fraction of soil organic carbon.
By enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the soil, organic matter contributes significantly to crop productivity and soil health. A soil's structure, water-holding capacity, nutrient mineralization, biological activity, and rates of air and water infiltration all benefit from higher amounts of organic matter.Increased tilth or soil structure is a result of higher soil organic carbon, which increases physical stability. This lowers the risk of erosion and nutrient leaching while increasing soil aeration (the amount of oxygen in the soil) and water drainage and retention. Although it only makes up 10 to 20 percent of the total organic matter in the soil, active organic matter is an essential component because it promotes microbial activity and releases nutrients into the soil.Learn more about soil organic carbon here brainly.com/question/21026038
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The technique of asexual reproduction most commonly used in the production of fruit trees is _____.regenerationbuddinglayeringadventitious rooting
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Theory: I major in this
Answer:
biofactory
Explanation:
Answer the following for 20 points
Answers
Question 84
What is the best assurance of satisfactory operation of a properly designed and constructed septic tank system?
a. proper maintenance
b. large dosages of bacteria
c. one quart of lime down the line every month
d. the use of numerous additives available
Answers
The best assurance of satisfactory operation of a properly designed and constructed septic tank system is proper maintenance, option A.
A drainfield (also known as a soil absorption field) plus a septic tank make up a conventional septic system. Before it is released into the land, certain alternative systems are built to evaporate or disinfect wastewater.
In the septic tank, sediments and floatable debris (such oils and grease) are separated from the wastewater while organic matter is broken down. In traditional or soil-based systems, the fluid, sometimes referred to as effluent, is released from the septic tank into a network of perforated pipes buried in a leach field, chambers or other specialised units intended to gradually release the effluent into the soil. The drainfield is the name of this region.
Alternative methods remove or neutralise pollutants including microorganisms that cause illness, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other contaminants by allowing septic tank effluent to flow through sand, organic matter (like peat and sawdust), created wetlands, or other media with the use of pumps or gravity.
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DNA and RNA both use the same types of nucleotides
Answers
Answer:
No
Explanation:
In the nucleotide of DNA and RNA only Phosphate that is similar to both nucleic acid, They have different sugar portion and Nitrogenous base.
DNA nucleotide include
- Phosphate
- deoxyribose sugar
- NB Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
RNA nucleotide include
- Phosphate
- Ribose sugar
- NB Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine
Therefore They do not use the same types of nucleotides because DNA has 2 strand that are joined together by weak hygrogen bond and it is long. while RNA has 1 strand and it is a short thus not coiled or helical.
based on your knowledge about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells what are three structures that cells shown below would have in common
Answers
Based on my knowledge of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, there are three structures that these cells would have in common: a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and genetic material (DNA).
The plasma membrane is a crucial structure in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment, and regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell. The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that facilitate transport and signaling.
These structures are responsible for protein synthesis, and are composed of ribosomal RNA and protein subunits. Although the ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are structurally different, they perform the same function.
Finally, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain genetic material in the form of DNA. However, the organization of DNA is different in these two types of cells. Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region, while eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes contained within a nucleus.
In summary, the plasma membrane, ribosomes, and genetic material are three structures that are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. While these structures may differ in their specific composition and organization, they perform similar functions in both types of cells.
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I need help on please
Answers
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Sugar carbs (or simple carbs) give you quick-acting, short-term energy and can be found in fruits, white bread, cereal, juice and soft drinks. Starch Carbs (or complex carbs) give you slow-releasing, long-term energy and can be found in whole grains, vegetables and legumes (beans and peas).
A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Therefore, we can conclude that it must _____. A. be human B. be an animal C. reproduce sexually D. have gametes with 23 chromosomes
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n addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientists also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast. what is the purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment? in addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientists also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast.what is the purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment? to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions to show what happens to shmoo formation when both fus3 kinase and formin are absent to allow the scientists to see the interaction between fus3 kinase and formin to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth
Answers
The purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment is option B and D: to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions and to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth.
To demonstrate typical shmoo development under the experimental conditions, wild-type yeast cells are included in the experiment. To demonstrate the distinction between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth, the researchers also examined shmoo production in wild-type yeast.
Shmoo development is an alteration of morphology that results in the cell having a mating projection. It is created by cells of Saccharomyces and other fungus with similar life cycles in response to mating pheromone. A mutant strain of yeast is one that has undergone a genetic mutation that modifies its phenotypic. Mutations can happen naturally or be brought on by mutagens like radiation or chemicals.
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Correct question is:
In addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientists also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast. what is the purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment?
to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions
to show what happens to shmoo formation when both fus3 kinase and formin are absent
to allow the scientists to see the interaction between fus3 kinase and formin
to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth
please help y'all 15 pts!
Answers
Answer:
B
Have a good day!Answer: B
Explanation:
Evolution has changed the phisical atributes of all animals
d types each of us has an abo blood type, which describes whether two characteristics called a and b are present. every human being has two blood type alleles (gene forms), one inherited from our mother and o
Answers
Probability of having alleles A and A i.e. Blood type A = 0.5×0.5 = 0.25
Probability of having alleles A and B, i.e Blood type AB = 0.25 × 2 = 0.5
Probability of having alleles B and B , i.e Blood type B= 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25
Probability that both their children have same blood type = 0.25^2 + 0.5^2 + 0.25^2 = 0.375
Alleles are any of two or more genes that may alternately appear at a certain location (locus) on a chromosome. They are also known as allelomorphs. The expression (phenotype) of a specific characteristic can be influenced by a single allele, a pair of alleles, or several alleles.
A unique bodily fluid is blood. Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma make up its four basic parts. Transporting nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and the lungs is only one of the numerous jobs blood does. causing blood to clot in order to stop excessive blood loss.
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Dominguez et al. (2004) suggest that by studying genes that determine growth and tissue specification in the eye of Drosophila, much can be learned about human eye development. Part A What evidence suggests that genetic eye determinants in Drosophila are also found in humans? a. A number of studies have shown that different genes influence eye development in O insects and vertebrates. Such genes, that have different sequences but similar functions, are called orthologs. b. Although Drosophila and humans have genes with similar sequences, the genes do not have similar functions and therefore are not orthologous genes. c. A number of studies have shown that genes of one family influence eye development in all the species. Such genes, that have identical promoters, are called orthologs. d. A number of studies have shown that similar genes influence eye development in both insects and vertebrates. Such genes, descended from common ancestral genes that have the same function in different species, are called orthologs.
Answers
D). The evidence that suggests genetic eye determinants in Drosophila are also found in humans is that similar genes influence eye development in both insects and vertebrates.
These genes are called orthologs, which are descended from common ancestral genes that have the same function in different species. This means that the genes responsible for eye development in Drosophila have counterparts in humans that are responsible for human eye development.Furthermore, a number of studies have shown that different genes influence eye development in both insects and vertebrates. Although the genes may have different sequences, they have similar functions and are called orthologs. This suggests that there is a conserved mechanism for eye development that has been retained across different species over time.
It is important to note that although Drosophila and humans have genes with similar sequences, the genes do not necessarily have similar functions and are not orthologous genes. However, the fact that there are orthologous genes between different species suggests that studying the genes that determine growth and tissue specification in the eye of Drosophila can provide insights into human eye development.
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which best describe this scenario
Answers
Explanation:
what is the scenario?
Answer:
Multiple different things. You could be doing a psychology experiment. The possibilities are endless. In this scenario I'm trying to think of what you could be thinking about and what scenario you want to be explained.
A mutation in a gene results in a defective protein that is smaller than the normal, functional one. The mutation is probably a result of.
Answers
The DNA sequence of a gene is altered to generate a different result, which is known as a genetic mutation.The DNA sequence of that gene is permanently altered.For humans to develop, which is the process of change over a number of generations, genetic variances are crucial.In one person, a spontaneous genetic mutation takes place.
What causes mutation?Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be passed on to offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in eggs and sperm) can. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease are examples of hereditary mutations.Throughout a person's life, further mutations may occur on their own.Spontaneous, sporadic, or novel mutations are the terms used to describe them.Only a few cells are affected. Mutations that are harmful can result in cancer or genetic diseases.A genetic disorder is a condition brought on by a change in one or more genes.Cystic fibrosis is a human example.A single gene mutation causes the body to create thick, sticky mucus that obstructs digestive organ ducts and clogs the lungs. There are certain point mutations that actually change the amino acid that the codon specifies.A nonsense mutation or a missense mutation may result from these point mutations.When the replacement creates a codon for a different amino acid, it is known as a missense mutation. Errors in DNA replication or the harmful effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and alter the architecture of individual nucleotides, are the two main causes of mutations.DNA repair enzymes are present in all cells and work to reduce the frequency of mutations.To learn more about mutation refer
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Two populations of genetically distinct flowers begin to exchange migrants between the populations. If this process continues for a long time, what is the expected outcome?
A: new species will be formed
B: each population will remain genetically distinct
C: each population will evolve to become fit to its environment
D: the populations will become genetically homogenized
Answers
Two populations of genetically distinct flowers begin to exchange migrants between the populations. If this process continues for a long time, the populations will become genetically homogenized.
If two populations of genetically distinct flowers begin to exchange migrants between the populations, over time, the gene flow between the two populations will tend to reduce the genetic differences between them. This process is known as gene flow, and it can lead to the populations becoming genetically more similar, or homogenized. This is because the migrants bring new genetic variation into the populations and can dilute the existing genetic differences. As a result, the genetic diversity of both populations will increase. This process may not lead to the formation of a new species or change the adaptation of each population to its environment.
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The expected outcome if this process of migration between two genetically distinct populations of flowers continues for a long time, is the populations will become genetically homogenized. Here option D is the correct answer.
As the two populations exchange migrants, the gene pool of each population will become more similar over time. This is because the migrants will introduce new genetic variation into each population, and the offspring of migrants will have a combination of genetic traits from both populations.
Over many generations, this process of gene flow can lead to the populations becoming genetically similar, or homogenized. This is because the genetic variations and traits that are beneficial to the population will be shared and spread across the population.
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certain bacteria and viruses are more likely to be spread by fomites than other species of microbes. research pathogens that are commonly transmitted by fomites and provide one bacteria and one virus example. describe how fomite-spread pathogens gain access to the body and the most effective methods for preventing transmission.
Answers
Fomites can become infected with a plague through direct contact with bodily fluids, soiled hands, talking, sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, or by being exposed to an airborne virus.
Indirect entails a private coming into contact with a contaminated object. This frequently happens as a result of contaminated objects or environments from dirty hands. This surface still has the microorganism thereon, expecting the subsequent person to touch it and pick it up.
What about bacteria?Some bacteria aid within the digestion of food, assist the body produce necessary vitamins, and eliminate disease-causing cells.Additionally, bacteria are employed to form nutritious foods like yogurt and cheese. But contagious microorganisms offer you a disease.Within your body, they multiply rapidly.Bacteria can feed a spread of ways.The energy that heterotrophic bacteria, often mentioned as heterotrophs, produce comes from eating organic carbon.Most of them take up decaying organic matter like dead meat.These parasitic microorganisms can either aid or harm their host.Actually, the event of germs is simply delayed.Cooking food at 165 degrees or above is the sole technique to destroy microorganisms using temperature.Bacteria also die in extremely acidic environments, such as pickle juice.Bacteria must be killed using water that's 140 degrees Fahrenheit or hotter.This system is used by most restaurants to kill bacteria on food and cooking equipment and to clean surfaces.Bacteria can also be killed by chlorine.Medicines mentioned as antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals.Learn more about bacteria here:
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in regards to the terms dermatome and myotome, the portion of a skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level (spinal segment) or by a single pair of spinal nerves, is known as a .
Answers
The portion of a skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level (spinal segment) or by a single pair of spinal nerves, is known as a Mytome.
A myotome is characterized collectively by muscles that are innervated by a single spinal nerve root. When diagnosing radiculopathy, myotome testing is an essential component of the neurological examination. Because each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from multiple levels of the spinal cord, myotomes are a part of the somatic nervous system, while the somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system. As a result, myotomes are much more difficult to test than dermatomes.
Multiple myotomes make up the majority of the limb muscles because they are innervated by multiple spinal nerve roots. For instance, the biceps brachii muscle bends the elbow. The musculocutaneous nerve, which is innervated by the C5, C6, and C7 nerve roots, innervates it. Elbow flexion can be said to be associated with all three of these spinal nerve roots.
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It is important to keep the lines of communication open because it will ______. a. Make sure people choose your side in a conflict b. Prevent negative emotions from building c. Cause people to do what you want d. Lead to an increase in your salary Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
Answers
Answer: B.
Explanation: Edge 2022
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of natural selection?
A. More offspring are born than will survive to reproduce.
B. Mutations appear randomly.
C. Breeding pairs are chosen by humans.
D. Organisms that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
2. Which of the following statements are true about artificial selection.
A. Breeders can control which animals mate.
B. Breeders can control what mutations will appear in the offspring.
C. Both A and B are true.
D. Neither A nor B is true.
Answers
Answer:
1. C
2. A
Explanation:
How far each of the following statements is correct with explanation: Spores of fern plant are produced due to mitosis
Answers
Answer:
did u know the answer
Explanation:
Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.
O True
O False
Answers
true
Explanation:
Its true because something has to die for others to thrive.
1. The average size of a grocery store chicken has more than doubled in the past century. What is the most likely reason for this?
A. Natural selection resulted in a larger species of chicken
B. Artificial selection created a larger breed of chicken
C. Mutations occur less frequently in chickens than they did a century ago
D. Grocery stores used to sell younger chickens
2. Gregor Mendel observed that pea plant traits did not blend in their offspring. This led him to conclude that:
A. Traits are inherited in separate units
B. Offspring inherit genes from only one parent
C. Pea plants do not have genes
D. Traits are not inherited
I give brainlist if u give me the 2 answers
Answers
Answer:
1. B, Artificial selection created a larger breed of chicken.
2. A, Traits are inherited in seperate units.
1. What are the instructions for building all living things?
Answers
Answer:
The seven characteristics what makes an organism living are: Environmental responses, cells, change and growth, reproduction, having complex chemistry, and homeostasis and energy processing