Vampire bats need to eat often, and their only food is blood. When one bat is unsuccessful at gaining a meal, it returns to a communal roost where another bat is likely to give it a small amount of food. Work by Carter and Wilkinson (2013-2017) investigated whether this cooperative behavior is maintained primarily by reciprocity. Which of the following is NOT a potential alternative explanation that they investigated?
a.That donors feed dominants that harass them
b.That even if donors feed non-kin it is due to errors in kin recognition
c.That donors are mostly feeding kin
d.That the cost of helping is less than the benefit of being helped

Pikaia gracilens is believed to be closely related to lancelets.

Pikaia gracilens is a significant organism in the study of evolutionary biology, as it is one of the earliest known vertebrates. Its prominent notochord and segmental muscles suggest that it is closely related to lancelets, which are modern-day invertebrate chordates that also possess a notochord and segmented muscles.

However, it is important to note that Pikaia gracilens is not a direct ancestor of modern-day vertebrates, but rather a basal chordate that diverged early in the chordate lineage. The Burgess Shale, where the fossils of Pikaia gracilens were discovered, is a remarkable site that has yielded many insights into the early evolution of animal life on Earth.

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Answer:

Avulsion.

Explanation:

Human bite wounds are blunt wounds, sometimes with partial or total avulsion (ear, lips, nose, hands) and with intense contamination. An avulsion is a complete tear of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It does not allow the approximation of edges. It presents moderate to abundant hemorrhage and is accompanied by the exposure of underlying tissues (bone, tendon). The tear can be complete or partial; in the latter case, a connection or bridge is preserved between the torn tissue and the rest of the body.

Advantages of the Molisch test : Sensitivity, Versatility, Speed, Simple procedure, Cost-effective. Disadvantages : Lack of specificity, Interference, Limited quantitative analysis, Limited application, Subjectivity

1. The Molisch test is a commonly used test for detecting the presence of carbohydrates. It has several advantages that make it a popular choice in carbohydrate analysis. Firstly, the Molisch test is highly sensitive and can detect a wide range of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It is also a versatile test that can be applied to various carbohydrate sources. Additionally, the test is relatively quick to perform and has a simple procedure, making it accessible to researchers and technicians. Moreover, the reagents required for the Molisch test are readily available and inexpensive, which adds to its cost-effectiveness.

2. However, there are also some disadvantages associated with the Molisch test. One limitation is its lack of specificity. While the test can confirm the presence of carbohydrates, it does not provide specific information about the type or structure of the carbohydrate detected. Another drawback is the potential for interference from substances such as phenols and aromatic compounds, which can lead to false-positive results. Furthermore, the Molisch test is primarily a qualitative test and does not offer precise quantitative data. Its application may be limited when more specific information about individual carbohydrate types or quantitative analysis is required. Lastly, the interpretation of the test results relies on visual observation, introducing subjectivity and the possibility of variation between observers.

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The chronic inflammation of joints due to autoimmune destruction of articular cartilage is called rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects the joints. It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the synovial membrane, the lining of the joints, leading to chronic inflammation and destruction of articular cartilage. Unlike osteoarthritis.

which is caused by wear and tear of the joints, rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease that can affect other organs in the body, such as the lungs, heart, and eyes. It is important to diagnose and treat rheumatoid arthritis early to prevent irreversible joint damage and disability. Treatment options include medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. A chronic inflammation of joints due to autoimmune destruction of articular cartilage is called b) rheumatoid arthritis.

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The loss of biodiversity could affect humans by leading to the loss of potential medicine, foods and products and is therefore denoted as option B.

This refers to the variations which exists between organisms which are present in different types of ecosystem.

Lack of variation means there will be shortage of organisms which have differences in their traits or features. This isn't ideal because these differences may be as a result of natural selection which makes them fitter therefore having more beneficial properties.

These are therefore the most appropriate ways in which the loss of biodiversity affect humans.

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The function of the paranasal sinuses can be summarized as B) Sinuses take away a minimal amount of strength from bones while reducing the weight of bones.

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities located within the skull and surrounding the nasal cavity. Their main function is to reduce the weight of the skull bones without compromising their strength. By being filled with air, the sinuses decrease the overall weight of the skull, making it easier for the head to move and reducing the strain on neck muscles.

Additionally, the sinuses also contribute to the resonance and quality of the human voice. They act as resonating chambers, modifying the tone and timbre of sound produced by the vocal cords.

While the sinuses do not serve as passageways for nerves (Option A), aid in muscle attachment (Option C), or have no known function (Option D), their role in reducing skull weight and influencing voice resonance is well established.

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The color of light(s) that are the best for plants to grow indoors are violet-blue light with a 400 – 520 nanometer range (Option E). They are best for chlorophyll absorption and photosynthesis. The option that supports the answer above is: "The absorption spectrum of plants shows those colors as the most effective" (Option B).

This spectrum is made up of light frequencies communicated with dark bands when electrons absorb energy in the ground state in order to reach higher energy levels. When atoms absorb energy, they form this sort of spectrum.

An absorption spectrum is made up of the frequencies of light transferred with dark bands when electrons in the ground state absorb energy to attain higher energy states.

The absorption spectrum of chlorophylls comprises wavelengths of blue and orange-red light, as evidenced by maxima at 450-475 nm and 650-675 nm, respectively.

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Answer: Hi There- Thyme is a small garden herb that's been used even since Ancient Egypt. Its essential oil- thymol is used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic and Thyme goes well in Italian dishes or in dishes with sage and rosemary. There are about 300 different varieties of thyme, the most popular one being Thymus vulgaris.

Explanation: Hope you have a bright and beautiful day!!!

Placement and Wealth best replaces "distribution" and "abundance" in the paragraph "Biological oceanographers study how each of the sub-disciplines of oceanography work to influence the distribution and abundance of marine plants and animals." The answer is option A

There are exhaustive lists for synonyms of abundance which includes:

With distribution, there are words like:

For the paragraph from "Biological Oceanography" the best option that replaces the words "distribution" and "abundance" and retains the meaning of the sentence are "Placement and wealth".

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Being  judgmental about their sins is called Prejudice.

Being judgmental means to form an opinion about others or for a person or thing you may or may not know.

Our brain is trained in a way that it forms a certain memory of a person place or a thing and the related emotion to the respective is called being Prejudice.

Hence, it is a programmed response of our brain.

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Answer:

In most cases, an ion channel is permeable only to specific types of ions (for example, sodium and potassium but not chloride or calcium), and sometimes the permeability varies depending on the direction of ion movement.

Answer:

A

Explanation:

The answer should be Taiga

Answer:

Hey there!

The taiga, desert, and tundra are not grassland biomes.

Let me know if this helps :)

Answer: Identical copy

Explanation:

cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination. Prokaryotic organisms (organisms lacking a cell nucleus) such as bacteria create genetically identical duplicates of themselves using binary fission or budding.

Please give a thanks or 5 stars if this helped!

DNA replication is the process through which DNA duplicates. It occurs in the interphase and involves different enzymes, DNA molecules, and free nucleotides. Terms and definitions in the attached files.

DNA replication is the process through which DNI molecule duplicates. This event takes place during the S stage of the interphase. So when the cell divides during mitosis or meiosis, each cell will get a complete set of chromosomes.

DNI replication is semi-conservative because each new molecule carries an original DNI strand and a new one. The fact that the new molecule is composed of an original strand makes it semi-conservative. The old existing strands are used to synthesize the new complementary strand.

The origin of the replication requires helicase enzymes to break hydrogen bonds and separate the two original strands. The topoisomerase enzyme is necessary to release tension. Other proteins are also needed to join the strains and keep them separated. Once the molecule is opened, there is a region named replication forks. DNA polymerase makes the new nucleotides enter into the fork and pairs them with the corresponding nucleotide of the original strand. Adenine pairs timine, and cytosine pairs guanine.

DNA strands are antiparallel, and replication occurs only in 5'-3' direction. So one of the strands will replicate continuously, while the other strain will be formed by short fragments known as Okazaki fragments.

Primers are needed to make the DNA polymerase work. Primers are small units of RNA and are placed at the beginning of each new fragment.

In the attached files you will find the terms and their definitions.

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Answer:

Polar

Nonpolar

Phospholipid Head

Phospholipid tail

Phospholipid

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer:

You're right. It's the last one.

Explanation:

Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group that is modified by an alcohol. The phosphate group is the negatively-charged polar head, which is hydrophilic.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is a process where organisms with traits that are advantageous for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these beneficial traits to their offspring. Natural selection involves four key components: variation, inheritance, selection, and adaptation.

Variation refers to the differences in traits among individuals within a population. These variations can result from genetic mutations or recombination. Inheritance is the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring through their genes.

Selection occurs when certain individuals have traits that enable them to better survive and reproduce in their environment. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population. Adaptation is the result of this process, where the population as a whole becomes better suited to its environment.

In summary, natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs, as individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to pass on their genes, ultimately leading to the development of species that are better adapted to their environments.

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part of the microscope is needed to be adjusted to have better contrast when viewing a specimen under the microscope is condenser.

A microscope is a lab tool used to study items that are too small to be seen with the human eye. The study of small structures and objects under a microscope is known as microscopy. Microscopic refers to something that, without the use of a microscope, is undetectable to the eye. There are many distinct kinds of microscopes, and they can be categorised in several ways. One option is to explain how an instrument interacts with a sample and generates images, for as by passing an electron or light beam past the sample in its optical path, measuring photon emissions from the sample, etc.

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Answer:

Omnivore are animals and human beings who eat both meat and vegetables

Answer:

An omnivore is an animal that has the ability to eat on both plants and animals. For example: Human beings and bear.

Answer: A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

Explanation:hope I helped (can I get braincrown)

Definition: A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor

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A catastrophe or natural disaster event changed the population's size in the genetic drift experiment. Genetic drift is the term used to describe a population's allele frequencies changing randomly and without selection.

Small populations typically lose their genetic diversity faster than large populations do due to stochastic sampling error. This is because it is more likely that some gene variants will be lost in small populations due to chance. Genetic drift is an unpredictable process that can swiftly result in large population changes. Regularly tiny population numbers, drastic population size reductions known as "bottlenecks," and founder events where a new population is created from a small number of individuals are all factors that contribute to random drift.

So, in the genetic drift experiment, we may argue that a catastrophe or natural disaster event affected the size of the population.

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Your question is incomplete. Please find the complete question below.

For the genetic drift simulation, what event led to changes in the size of the population?

A. a natural disaster or catastrophe

B. immigration

C. selective predation

D. inbreeding

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, have several features that make them useful for genetic engineers. One key feature is their ability to infect and replicate within bacterial cells. This property allows phages to serve as vehicles for transferring foreign DNA into bacterial hosts.

Phages can be engineered to carry specific DNA sequences of interest, such as genes or regulatory elements. These sequences can be inserted into the phage genome, replacing non-essential viral genes. When the engineered phage infects a bacterial cell, it delivers the foreign DNA into the host's genome, where it can be expressed and manipulated.

Phages also possess high specificity for certain bacterial strains or species. This specificity allows genetic engineers to target specific bacteria for DNA delivery or modification. By selecting phages with host range specificity, researchers can tailor their genetic engineering efforts to particular bacterial hosts.

Moreover, phages have the ability to undergo a lytic or lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, phages replicate rapidly within the host, leading to the lysis of the bacterial cell and release of newly formed phage particles. In the lysogenic cycle, phages integrate their DNA into the host genome, becoming a prophage. This property allows the stable incorporation of foreign DNA into bacterial chromosomes, making phages useful for long-term gene expression studies or modification of the host's genetic makeup.

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The receiving chambers of the heart are the right and left atria.

The atria can be defined as two different heart chambers, which are found in the upper area of this organ.

The atria have critical roles during the cardiac cycle by allowing the storage of blood during systole and conduit it in the diastole.

In conclusion, the receiving chambers of the heart include the right and left atria.

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Answer:

Introduction

Carbon is a very important element to living things. As the second most common element in the human body, we know that human life without carbon would not be possible. Protein, carbohydrates, and fats are all part of the body and all contain carbon.

Carbon occurs in many forms on Earth and is found throughout the environment (Figure below). The element moves through organisms and then returns to the environment. When all this happens in balance, the ecosystem remains in balance too. In this section, let’s follow the path of a carbon atom over many years and see what happens.

Explaination:When your body breaks down food to produce energy, you break down protein, carbohydrates, and fat, and you breathe out carbon dioxide.

Answer:

When your body breaks down food to produce energy, you break down protein, carbohydrates, and fat, and you breathe out carbon dioxide. ... These are some of the structures that carbon takes. Nitrogen is also a very important element, used as a nutrient for plant and animal growth.

Explanation:

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Answer:

1. Malaria

2. Polio

3. rabies

Explanation:

Hope I've helped

The control of the mosquito population helps in managing the outbreaks of malaria. Infantile paralysis is another name for polio. Travelers to the Central and South America can get vaccinations for rabies. Thus, the correct options for 1, 2, and 3 are A, A, and B, respectively.

Malaria is a serious diseases which could be a fatal disease sometimes and it is caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito species which feeds on the human blood. People who get the  malaria infection are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness and other symptoms.

Infantile paralysis is another name used for polio. Polio is a condition which is caused by a virus that mainly affects the neurons in the spinal cord or the brain stem. In its most severe form, polio infection can lead to a person being unable to move certain limbs or joints, also called paralysis.

Therefore, the correct options for 1, 2, and 3 are A, A, and B.

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Answer:

The bacterial flora in the intestines are essential to homeostasis in the body, they not only break down food so the nutrients can be absorbed, they produce vitamins like biotin and vitamin K and guard against harmful bacteria that enter the system. While your heart is a vital organ, the brain (and the nervous system that attaches to the brain) make up the most critical organ system in the human body. The digestive system ordinarily gets 20% to 25% of the oxygenated blood pumped out by the heart and the receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement, the brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle the nervous system regulates the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract.

Gonorrhea is a sexualy transmitted deasease caused by a bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Answer:

tasks because if a person or being is alive then it does any sort of task