unix operating system associates a protection domain with the . a. task b. tread c. process d. user

Answers

Answer 1

The Unix operating system links the user to a protection domain. Some programmes run with the SUID bit set, which causes the user ID and, consequently, the access domain to change.

What is Unix operating system ?The original AT&T Unix, whose development began in 1969 at the Bell Labs research facility by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others, is the ancestor of the Unix family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems.Unix is very interactive and gives the user direct access to the computer's resources since it enables direct communication with the machine via a terminal. Users of Unix can also exchange files and applications with one another.The "Unix philosophy" is a modular design that distinguishes Unix systems from other operating systems. This way of thinking states that the operating system ought to offer a selection of straightforward tools, each of which serves a specific, constrained purpose. The primary means of communication are an uniform inode-based filesystem and an inter-process communication mechanism known as "pipes," and a shell scripting and command language is used to combine the tools to carry out sophisticated processes.

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Related Questions

In the event of a file catastrophe, ____ can be used to restore the file or database to its current state at the time of the last backup.

Answers

In computer technologies, there are some ways that data which has been lost, can be retrieved. But not in all cases. In the event of a file catastrophe, recovery procedures can be used to restore the file or database to its current state at the time of the last backup.

In computing, data recovery is simply known as the method of saving or  salvaging data that are inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged or formatted from secondary storage, removable media etc.

This form of recovery often  restores data that has been lost, accidentally deleted etc.

In Firm or organization IT, data recovery is simply the restoration of data to a desktop, laptop, server or external storage system from a backup.

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What is the most commonly used tab in the Filter dialog box?
x Advanced
O Messages
O More Choices
O SQL

Answers

The answer is Messages

What is the most commonly used tab in the Filter dialog box?x AdvancedO MessagesO More ChoicesO SQL

Answer:

B. Messages

Explanation:

Just did the assignment

The "Authorized Uses" section of an ISSP specifies what the identified technology cannot be used for. A. True B. False

Answers

The "Authorized Uses" section of an ISSP specifies what the identified technology cannot be used for -  A. True

The "Authorized Uses" part of an ISSP (Information Systems Security Plan) describes the authorised uses of the recognized technology, not the prohibited uses. This section often identifies the authorised users who are permitted to access and utilise the technology and describes the appropriate uses of the technology, such as accessing particular applications or data. In order to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the information being processed, stored, or transferred, it is important to employ technology in a secure and suitable manner.

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No Hand WRITING please.

write an email sample that I can send to IKEA company asking them that I Want 30 offices for my company

Answers

Request for Purchase: Office Furniture for [Your Company Name]

Dear IKEA Team,

I hope this email finds you well. I am writing to inquire about the availability and pricing of office furniture for my company, [Your Company Name]. We are currently in the process of expanding our operations and are in need of 30 office setups to accommodate our growing team.

After careful consideration, we have identified IKEA as our preferred supplier for office furniture due to your reputation for high-quality products, functional designs, and competitive pricing. We believe that IKEA's range of office furniture will perfectly complement our workspace requirements and enhance the productivity and comfort of our employees.

To ensure a seamless and efficient purchasing process, I kindly request your assistance in providing the following information:

1. Availability: Please confirm the availability of 30 complete office setups, including desks, chairs, storage cabinets, and any additional accessories.

2. Pricing: Kindly provide a detailed quotation specifying the individual prices of each item and any applicable discounts for bulk purchases.

3. Delivery and Installation: We would appreciate information regarding delivery options, estimated delivery times, and the availability of assembly services, if applicable.

4. Warranty and After-Sales Support: Please provide details on the warranty coverage and any after-sales support services offered by IKEA.

I would be grateful if you could respond to this request at your earliest convenience, preferably within [mention a timeframe]. Should you require any further information or have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Thank you for considering our request, and we look forward to the opportunity to collaborate with IKEA in furnishing our offices.

Best regards,

[Your Name]

[Your Position]

[Your Company Name]

[Contact Information]

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How fast or slow a video sequence is
A. Time aperature
B. Length
C. Frame rate
D. Continuous
E. None of these

Answers

Answer:

C. Frame rate

Explanation:

hope this helps

The answer to this is a

In a ________ system configuration, separate information systems are designed and managed by each foreign unit.

Answers

Answer:

In a decentralized system configuration, separate information systems are designed and managed by each foreign unit.

Explanation:

hopes this help (:

write around 600 words discussing the role of IT in Jumia operational applications

Answers

Jumia is an e-commerce platform that operates in various African countries, and it relies heavily on technology to run its operations. Information technology (IT) plays a critical role in enabling Jumia to process transactions, manage inventory, track deliveries, and provide customer support. In this essay, we will discuss the role of IT in Jumia's operational applications and how it helps the company to achieve its business objectives.

Jumia uses a range of IT systems and tools to support its operations, including its website, mobile application, customer relationship management (CRM) software, order management system (OMS), warehouse management system (WMS), and logistics management system (LMS). These systems work together seamlessly to provide a comprehensive end-to-end solution for Jumia's e-commerce operations.

One of the key roles of IT in Jumia's operational applications is to provide a platform for customers to browse and purchase products online. The Jumia website and mobile application are designed to be user-friendly and easy to navigate, with a search function that allows customers to find products quickly and easily. The website and mobile application also allow customers to view product details, check prices, and make payments securely using a range of payment options.

Another critical role of IT in Jumia's operational applications is to support order management and fulfilment. The order management system (OMS) allows Jumia to manage customer orders, allocate inventory, and track order fulfilment. The OMS also integrates with Jumia's warehouse management system (WMS), which helps Jumia to manage inventory levels, track product movement, and fulfil orders efficiently.

IT also plays a role in Jumia's customer support operations. Jumia uses a CRM system to manage customer interactions and provide support to customers. The CRM system allows Jumia to track customer orders, manage customer inquiries, and provide post-sale support. The CRM system also integrates with Jumia's website and mobile application, allowing customers to access support directly from these channels.

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a developer needs to join data received from an integration with an external system with parent records in salesforce. the data set does not contain the salesforce ids of the parent records, but it does have a foreign key attribute that can be used to identify the parent. which action will allow the developer to relate records in the data model without knowing the salesforce id?

Answers

To relate records in the data model without knowing the Salesforce ID, the developer can use an external ID field in Salesforce.

An external ID field is a custom field in Salesforce that can store unique identifiers from external systems. By mapping the foreign key attribute from the data set to an external ID field in Salesforce, the developer can establish the relationship between the data received from the integration and the parent records in Salesforce.

1. Create an external ID field in the Salesforce object that represents the parent records. This field should match the data type of the foreign key attribute in the data set.

2. Import or update the parent records in Salesforce, ensuring that the external ID field is populated with the corresponding foreign key values.

3. When receiving data from the integration, map the foreign key attribute from the data set to the external ID field in Salesforce.

4. Use the external ID field as a reference to relate the records between the data set and the parent records in Salesforce. This can be achieved through data manipulation or queries in the integration or Salesforce platform.

By leveraging the external ID field, the developer can establish the relationship between the data set and the parent records in Salesforce without relying on the Salesforce ID.

This approach provides flexibility and allows for seamless integration and data synchronization between the external system and Salesforce.

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Why are electric cars better than gas cars. If you have the time I prefer at least a paragraph. Thank you!

Answers

Electric cars are better then gas cars, as they don’t use gasoline as gasoline is highly toxic and flammable! But also when gasoline evaporates it pollutes the air. While electric cars, use electricity it’s a plus as it’s cheaper then cars that run on gas. Also as more people use electric cars the oil company shall shrink which is pro for the world, including climate change and more!

Research has shown that electric cars are better for the environment. They emit less greenhouse gases and air pollutants over their life than a petrol or diesel car. This is even after the production of the vehicle and the generation of the electricity required to fuel them is considered.

Which part holds the "brains" of the computer?
Monitor

Computer Case

Hard Drive (HDD)

Keyboard

Answers

Computer case holds the brains of the computer.

Choose the words that make the following sentence true.
Primary memory is (not volatile, volatile) and (not permanent, permanent).

Answers

Answer:

Primary memory is volatile and not permanent.

Answer:

Primary memory refers to the memory that is accessed by the CPU and is not permanent.

It is volatile, since it is cleared out when the device is powered off.

Explanation:

Edge 2022

Choose the words that make the following sentence true. Primary memory is (not volatile, volatile) and

MS-Word 2016 is the latest version of WORD software. True or False
It's urgent ​

Answers

Answer:

true

Explanation:

Answer: This is True!

I hope you have a nice day

In Python: Write a program to input 6 numbers. After each number is input, print the smallest of the numbers entered so far.

Sample Run:
Enter a number: 9
Smallest: 9
Enter a number: 4
Smallest: 4
Enter a number: 10
Smallest: 4
Enter a number: 5
Smallest: 4
Enter a number: 3
Smallest: 3
Enter a number: 6
Smallest: 3

Answers

Answer:

python

Explanation:

list_of_numbers = []
count = 0
while count < 6:
   added_number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
   list_of_numbers.append(added_number)
   list_of_numbers.sort()
   print(f"Smallest: {list_of_numbers[0]}")
   count += 1

In the game Badland, how do you get to the next level?

A.
If you get close enough to the exit pipe, it sucks you up and spits you out in the next level.
B.
If you shoot enough enemies, you automatically advance to the next level.
C.
If you reach the end of the maze, you hear the sound of a bell and are taken to the next level.
D.
If you answer enough puzzles correctly, you advance to the next level.

Answers

In the game Badland, the  way a person get to the next level is option C: If you reach the end of the maze, you hear the sound of a bell and are taken to the next level.

What is the story of BADLAND game?

The story occurs throughout the span of two distinct days, at various times during each day's dawn, noon, dusk, and night. Giant egg-shaped robots start to emerge from the water and background and take over the forest as your character is soaring through this already quite scary environment.

Over 30 million people have played the side-scrolling action-adventure game BADLAND, which has won numerous awards. The physics-based gameplay in BADLAND has been hailed for being novel, as have the game's cunningly inventive stages and breathtakingly moody sounds and visuals.

Therefore, in playing this game, the player's controller in Badland is a mobile device's touchscreen. The player's Clone will be raised aloft and briefly become airborne by tapping anywhere on the screen.ult for In the game Badland, the way a person get to the next level.

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7.5 Code Practice Edhesive

7.5 Code Practice Edhesive

Answers

The written software that will determine the average reward sum for a specified number of gold medals and the total prize money is provided below: gold medals, total prize money; def calculate award money.

What does the code above refer to?

The entire award money is determined by dividing the total reward money by the number of gold medals using the first function, calculate award money. Therefore, The average prize money is determined by dividing the total prize money.

total award money = total sponsorship + total prize money return total award money / num medals; def average award money(num medals, total sponsorship, total prize money)

def Calculate the Average:

Enter the number of gold medals you've won in the entry box.

total sponsorship = float(input("How much money were you sponsored overall? "), ")

The formula is: total prize money = float(input("Your prize money is: "))

Average Award Funding is equal to Average Award Funding (num medals, Total Sponsorship, Total Prize Funding)

calculate average()

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Which of the following PM setup steps must be completed, before host patch assessments can begin? (choose 3) (Choose all that apply)
(A) Assign host to a PM Job
(B) Activate PM module on host
(C) Assign host to an enabled PM Assessment Profile
(D) Assign host to CA Configuration Profile (with PM enabled)

Answers

The following are the three PM setup steps that must be completed, before host patch assessments can begin:

Assign host to a PM Job.

Assign host to an enabled PM Assessment Profile.

Assign host to CA Configuration Profile (with PM enabled).

Patch Management (PM) is used to manage patches or updates to hosts. PM consists of several modules, and the CA Configuration Module is one of them.

PM can be set up in CA, and after PM has been enabled, the following PM setup steps must be completed before host patch assessments can begin:

1. Assign host to a PM Job.

2. Assign host to an enabled PM Assessment Profile.

3. Assign host to CA Configuration Profile (with PM enabled).

A host must be assigned to a PM Job, which is a grouping of hosts, before host patch assessments can begin. Additionally, the host must be assigned to an enabled PM Assessment Profile, which is used to determine the patch assessment policy for that host.In the end, the host must be assigned to a CA Configuration Profile (with PM enabled) to enable PM for that host.

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How would you identify communication equipment?

Answers

Answer

Explanation:

There should be more context to this question but I would say there is a variety of things that could be seen as communication equipment, such as email, telephone, voice message, through mail.

location-aware anti-theft software will periodically upload its location to a centralized site in the event that the mobile device is lost or stolen. what can defeat this?

Answers

Geo-tracking that enables IT administrators to monitor the devices of mobile users in real-time (iOS, Android, Windows, Macs) that can defeat this.

Mobile device management (MDM) solutions have a security feature called geo-tracking that enables IT administrators to monitor the devices of mobile users in real-time (iOS, Android, Windows, Macs). You must have the ME MDM software installed on a managed mobile device in order to geo-track it and determine its location.

How does geo-tracking actually operate? Through the ME MDM geotracker software, Mobile Device Manager Plus combines GPS, Wi-Fi, and GSM to determine the device's location as precisely as possible. Unless Location History is enabled, Mobile Device Manager Plus does not keep any records of the devices' past physical whereabouts. Only the most recent position of the managed mobile device can be found using the Geo-Tracking capability.

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Which one of the following is not an importance of fungi?​

Answers

The correct answer to the given question about fungi is D) Contributing to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases.

What roles do fungi play?

While fungi play important roles in decomposing organic matter in the ecosystem, providing food for humans and animals, and producing antibiotics and other medicines, they do not directly contribute to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases.

In fact, some species of fungi can help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in the soil and as a result of this, the answer choice that is NOT an importance of fungi is option D because it does not release greenhouse gases.

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A) Decomposing organic matter in the ecosystem

B) Providing food for humans and animals

C) Producing antibiotics and other medicines

D) Contributing to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases

ANSWER:POST-TEST

direction encircle the letter of the correct answer..

1 .the written description accompanying the working drawing

2. a board made of plaster with covering of paper

3.a fire protection device that discharge water when the effect of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been reached.

4.structural members in building construction that holds the ceiling board

5.the position or placement of lightning fixtures of the house.


with answer na din.

1.C
2.D
3.B
4.A
5.D

SANA MAKATULONG★☆☆


TLE​

Answers

Answer:

1. Specifications.

2. Gypsum board.

3. Sprinkler systems.

4. Ceiling joist.

5. Lighting fixtures.

Explanation:

In Engineering, it is a standard and common practice to use drawings and models in the design and development of buildings, tools or systems that are being used for proffering solutions to specific problems in different fields such as banks, medicine, telecommunications and industries.

Hence, an architect or design engineer make use of drawings such as pictorial drawings, sketches, or architectural (technical) drawing to communicate ideas about a plan (design) to others, record and retain informations (ideas) so that they're not forgotten and analyze how different components of a plan (design) work together.

Architectural drawing is mainly implemented with computer-aided design (CAD) software and it's typically used in plans and blueprints that illustrates how to construct a building or an object.

1. Specifications: it's a well-written description that accompanies a working drawing used for designs and constructions.

2. Gypsum board: also referred to as drywall due to its inherent ability to resist fire. It's a type of board that's typically made of plaster with some covering of paper and it's used for ceilings, walls, etc.

3. Sprinkler systems: it's an automatic fire protection device that is typically designed to discharge a volume of water as soon as the effect of a fire is detected. For instance, when a predetermined or set temperature has been reached such as 69°C

4. Ceiling joist: structural members that are aligned or arranged horizontally in building construction in order to hold the ceiling board together.

5. Lighting fixtures: it's typically the position or placement of lightning fixtures of the house.

Write an LMC program as follows instructions:
A) User to input a number (n)
B) Already store a number 113
C) Output number 113 in n times such as n=2, show 113
113.
D) add a comment with a details exp

Answers

The LMC program takes an input number (n) from the user, stores the number 113 in memory, and then outputs the number 113 n times.

The LMC program can be written as follows:

sql

Copy code

INP

STA 113

INP

LDA 113

OUT

SUB ONE

BRP LOOP

HLT

ONE DAT 1

Explanation:

A) The "INP" instruction is used to take input from the user and store it in the accumulator.

B) The "STA" instruction is used to store the number 113 in memory location 113.

C) The "INP" instruction is used to take input from the user again.

D) The "LDA" instruction loads the value from memory location 113 into the accumulator.

E) The "OUT" instruction outputs the value in the accumulator.

F) The "SUB" instruction subtracts 1 from the value in the accumulator.

G) The "BRP" instruction branches back to the "LOOP" label if the result of the subtraction is positive or zero.

H) The "HLT" instruction halts the program.

I) The "ONE" instruction defines a data value of 1.

The LMC program takes an input number (n) from the user, stores the number 113 in memory, and then outputs the number 113 n times.

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WHAT ARE THE RISK OF DUST​

Answers

Answer:

over heating

Explanation:

in computers dust acts as a blanket which traps heat, excessive heat causes components to burn up and short out

Cuales son las 4 caracteristicas de desarrollo tecnologico especializacion integracion dicontinuidad cambio

Answers

Answer:

La tecnología es el conocimiento y el uso de herramientas, oficios, sistemas o métodos organizativos, con el objetivo de mejorar el desarrollo de los distintos procesos productivos humanos. La palabra tecnología también se utiliza para describir los conocimientos técnicos que existen en una sociedad.

La tecnología tiene efectos importantes. Por ejemplo, está en el corazón de las economías avanzadas (incluida la economía mundial actual) y se ha convertido en un componente central de la vida cotidiana y el ocio. Las innovaciones en tecnología influyen en los valores de una sociedad y, a menudo, plantean cuestiones éticas. Por ejemplo, la aparición del concepto de eficiencia en términos de productividad humana, o nuevos desafíos dentro de la bioética.

How to you convert (both positive and negative integers) denary to Two’s complement and vice versa?

Answers

Answer:

To convert from decimal to binary, one approach is to repeatedly divide by 2 as integer division and write down the remainders from right to left:

example: convert 26 to binary

26 / 2 = 13, no remainder => write down 0

13 / 2 = 6, remainder 1 => write down 1

6 / 2 = 3, no remainder => write down 0

3 / 2 = 1, remainder 1 => write down 1

1 / 2 = 0, remainder 1 => write down 1

So 11010 is your result.

For 2's complement, you have to consider youre entire word size. Let's say you have 8 bit representations, then 11010 is really 00011010.

To get the 2's complement, you invert the binary represenation and add 1:

00011010 => 11100101

11100101 + 1 = 11100110 (understand binary addition for this)

So 11100110 is the binary representation of -26.

You can do this entire sequence in reverse, i.e. subtract one, invert and then go back to the decimal representation:

11010 in decimal is 1·2⁴ + 1·2³+ 0·2²+ 1·2¹+ 0·2⁰ = 26

in three to five sentences, describe how technology helps business professionals to be more efficient. include examples of hardware and software.

Answers

Answer:

Technology helps business professionals to be more efficient in a number of ways. For example, hardware such as computers and laptops allow professionals to process and analyze data quickly, while software such as productivity suites and project management tools help them to organize and manage their work. In addition, technology helps professionals to communicate and collaborate with colleagues and clients more effectively, through tools such as email, videoconferencing, and instant messaging. Overall, technology enables professionals to work more efficiently by providing them with the tools and resources they need to complete tasks quickly and effectively. Some examples of hardware and software that can help business professionals to be more efficient include:

Hardware:

Computers and laptops

Smartphones and tablets

Printers and scanners

Software:

Productivity suites (e.g. Microsoft Office)

Project management tools (e.g. Trello)

Communication and collaboration tools (e.g. Slack, Zoom)

Explanation:

you want to restrict the hours that the qa printer is available from windows. which tab on the printer properties page would you click so that you can restrict the hours that the printer is available?

Answers

To restrict the hours that a printer is available in Windows, you need to modify its printer properties.

What is Printer ?

A printer is a peripheral device that produces a hard copy of documents and images stored in electronic form on a computer or other digital devices.

Printers come in various types and technologies such as inkjet, laser, thermal, and impact, and they can be used for various purposes including printing text, photos, graphics, and barcodes.

The output quality, speed, and cost of printing vary depending on the type of printer and its specifications. Printers can be connected to a computer via USB, Ethernet, or wirelessly, and they can be standalone devices or part of a multi-function printer that also includes a scanner, copier, and fax machine.

To restrict the hours that a printer is available in Windows, you would need to go to the "Policies" or "Access Controls" tab in the printer properties page. On this tab, you should see options to set the times when the printer is available for use, and when it is offline.

The exact steps to access the printer properties page may vary depending on the version of Windows you are using, but you can generally access it by right-clicking on the printer icon in the Devices and Printers control panel and selecting "Properties" or "Printer Properties." Once you've located the "Policies" or "Access Controls" tab, you can set the desired restrictions on the printer's availability.

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Who is the father of computer​

Answers

Answer:

Charles Babbage is the father of computer.

hope this helps.

Complete the Car class by creating an attribute purchase_price (type int) and the method print_info that outputs the car's information. Ex: If the input is:
2011
18000
2018
​where 2011 is the car's model year, 18000 is the purchase price, and 2018 is the current year, then print_info() outputs: Car's information: Model year: 2011 Purchase price: $18000
Current value: $5770
Note: print_infol should use two spaces for indentation. LAB: Car value (classes) \\ ACTIVITY & \end{tabular} main.py Load default template... 1 class Car: 2. def__init__(self): 3. self.model year=0
4. self. purchase_price=0
5. self.current_value=0
6
7. def calc_current_value(self, current_year): 8. self.current_value=round(self.purchase_price∗(1−0.15)∗∗(current_year - self.model_year)) 9. 10. def print_info(self): 11. print("(ar's information:") 12. print(" Model year:", self.model_year) 13. print(" Purchase price: \$", self.purchase_price) 14. print(" Current value: \$", self.current_value)

Answers

Answer:

class Car:

def __init__(self):

self.model_year = 0

self.purchase_price = 0

self.current_value = 0

def calc_current_value(self, current_year):

self.current_value = round(self.purchase_price * (1 - 0.15) ** (current_year - self.model_year))

def print_info(self):

print("Car's information:")

print(" Model year:", self.model_year)

print(" Purchase price: ${:,}".format(self.purchase_price))

print(" Current value: ${:,}".format(self.current_value))

Explanation:

The purchase_price attribute has been added to the init() method and that the print_info() method now formats the purchase price and current value with commas using the format() function.

Consider the algorithm for the sorting problem that sorts an array by counting, for each of its elements, the number of smaller elements and then uses this information to put the element in its appropriate position in the sorted array? a. Apply this algorithm to sorting the list 60, 35, 81, 98, 14, 47.
b. Is this algorithm stable?
c. Is it in place?

Answers

The sorted array is [14, 35, 47, 60, 81, 98].

a. The algorithm can be applied to the list 60, 35, 81, 98, 14, 47 as follows:

1. Count the number of smaller elements for each element in the list:
- 60 has 3 smaller elements (35, 14, 47)
- 35 has 1 smaller element (14)
- 81 has 4 smaller elements (60, 35, 14, 47)
- 98 has 5 smaller elements (60, 35, 81, 14, 47)
- 14 has 0 smaller elements
- 47 has 2 smaller elements (35, 14)

2. Use this information to put each element in its appropriate position in the sorted array:
- 14 goes in position 0
- 35 goes in position 1
- 47 goes in position 2
- 60 goes in position 3
- 81 goes in position 4
- 98 goes in position 5

The sorted array is [14, 35, 47, 60, 81, 98].

b. This algorithm is stable, meaning that it maintains the relative order of elements with equal values. In this case, there are no elements with equal values, so the stability of the algorithm is not tested.

c. This algorithm is not in place, meaning that it requires additional memory to store the counts of smaller elements and the sorted array.

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Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) Total: [15 points] 1. At the 2033 ASU homecoming block party, a local philanthropist hosts an unusual dart game. While the principle that a player wins once their dart hits the bulls eye holds in this game too, the philanthropist wants students to feel encouraged to keep working on their hand-eye coordination and so allows a player to continue attempting (i.e., throwing darts) until they win at which point they are rewarded a dollar. (this is why this is in the future as it seems to be wishful thinking that one could be paid for this but let's proceed ;). A smart graduate student standing nearby realizes that is a fun ML problem. She begins by letting a random variable K denote the number of attempts it takes to successfully hit the target. Of course, she also recognizes immediately that in each attempt the outcome is either a 1 (successfully hit the bulls eye) or a 0 (failure to do so). She was able to observe only for a short period of time during which time she collected 7 samples (each sample is the number of attempts to success, including the success throw, for some player). The following is then her dataset D of attempts to success for 7 players: D=[1,3,2,4,5,2,3] Answer the following questions: (a) [1 points] Given the above information, can you model a single attempt as a random variable? If so, write down the distribution for this random variable? [Note: please denote the RV with the appropriate notation, its sample space, and the probability distribution over this sample space.] (b) [1 points] The graduate student decides to assign a probability p to succeed in be the same in each attempt, also assuming that every attempt is independent of any other attempt. Based on the answer to (1.a) above, what is the likelihood of a player succeeding in this target game in their first attempt, i.e., what is P[K=1] ? (c) [1 points] If a player is successful at the k=5 attempt, what were the outcomes of the previous 4 attempts? (d) [1 points] Recalling that K denotes the number of attempts it takes to succeed, what is P
K

[5] ? [ Hint: use the fact that the outcome in each attempt for a player is independent of any other attempt to write the total probability over 5 attempts.] (e) [1 points] Now generalize (1.d) to any arbitrary k∈{1,2,…}, i.e., write down the formula for P[K=k], i.e., the likelihood that it takes k attempts to succeed. (f) [5 points] For the dataset D given, what is your maximum likelihood estimate of p ? (g) [5 points] Now let's generalize the above estimate of p to any set of 7 observations, i.e., D=[k
1

,…,k
7

]. Write down the MLE estimate of p for D=[k
1

,…,k
7

]. [Hint: here k
i

denotes the number to success for the i
th
observation made by the graduate student. Your answer will be in terms of the k
i

.]

Answers

(a) Yes, a single attempt can be modeled as a random variable. Let's denote this random variable as X, with a sample space of {0, 1} representing the outcomes of a failed attempt (0) or a successful attempt (1). The probability distribution over this sample space is given as follows:

P(X = 0) = 1 - p (probability of a failed attempt)

P(X = 1) = p (probability of a successful attempt)

(b) Since the student assumes each attempt is independent and the probability of success is the same in each attempt, the likelihood of a player succeeding in the target game in their first attempt (K = 1) is simply the probability of success:

P[K = 1] = p

(c) If a player is successful on the 5th attempt (K = 5), it means the outcomes of the previous 4 attempts were failures (0s). So, the outcomes of the previous 4 attempts are {0, 0, 0, 0}.

(d) The probability of K = 5 attempts can be calculated using the concept of independent events:

P[K = 5] = P(X = 0) * P(X = 0) * P(X = 0) * P(X = 0) * P(X = 1)

= (1 - p) * (1 - p) * (1 - p) * (1 - p) * p

= (1 - p)^4 * p

(e) The formula for the likelihood that it takes k attempts to succeed (P[K = k]) is:

P[K = k] = (1 - p)^(k-1) * p

(f) To find the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of p using the given dataset D, we count the number of successful attempts (1s) and divide it by the total number of attempts:

MLE of p = Number of successful attempts / Total number of attempts

= Count(1s in D) / Length(D)

= Count(1s in [1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 2, 3]) / 7

(g) The MLE estimate of p for the dataset D = [k1, k2, ..., k7] is obtained by counting the total number of successful attempts (sum of 1s in D) and dividing it by the total number of attempts (sum of all elements in D):

MLE of p = Sum of 1s in D / Sum of all elements in D

= Count(1s in D) / Sum(D)

= Count(1s in [k1, k2, ..., k7]) / Sum([k1, k2, ..., k7])

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