Thermodynamic parameters are usually calculated for compounds under _______ conditions, since values tend to vary somewhat with conditions. To be in this state, a gas must have a pressure of 1 _______, and solution must have a concentration of 1 _______.

Answer:

diagram C best represents the mixture

Answer:

sadr

Explanation:

Pls give brainlist

The entropy change of the given reactions can be determined from the entropies of each individual gases. The entropy change of the first reaction is - 389.74 J.

Entropy of a system is the measure of the total randomness of system. As the number of moles increases, the entropy increases.

The entropy change of a reaction is given as follows:

ΔSrxn = ∑s (products) -  ∑s (reactants)

For the given reactions, the entropy of each reactants and products are given and use their number of moles to calculate the reaction entropies as follows:

For reaction 1:

(2 ×192.5 J) - [(3×130.58) + (2× 191.5 J)]  = - 389.74 J/K

Reaction 2:

(2 ×188.83 J + 213.6 J) - 186.3 J + (2× 205 J)]  = - 5.04 J/K

Reaction 3:

(2 ×220 J) - 205 + (2× 191.5 J)]  = - 148 J/K

Therefore, the entropy change of the given reactions can be determined in this way. For all these reactions, the entropy is decreasing.

Find more on entropy change:

https://brainly.com/question/4526346

#SPJ1

Typically, the species that is reduced is the oxidizing agent, while the species that is oxidized is the reducing agent. In reaction, a redox reaction converted Na and Cl to NaCl. We argue that Na+ has an oxidation number of +1 and Cl- has an oxidation number of -1 because NaCl contains both Cl- and Na+ ions.

Redox reactions include a change in the oxidation state of the substrate. When electrons are lost or the oxidation state increases, it is called oxidation; when they are gained or the oxidation state decreases, it is called reduction.

Sodium is oxidized (its oxidation number grows from 0 in Na to +1 in NaCl) and chlorine is reduced (its oxidation number reduces from 0 in Cl2 to 1 in NaCl) in the reaction between the two elements to produce sodium chloride.

Thus, a redox reaction converted Na and Cl to NaCl.

To learn more about redox reaction, follow the link;

https://brainly.com/question/13293425

#SPJ1

b. The initial pressure was 3.75 atm.

Given,

T₁ = 299 K

P₂ = 7.77 atm

T₂ = 620 K

To find,

P₁ =?

The relation between pressure and temperature is given by Gay-Lussac's Law:

                                                          P ∝ T

                                                  P/T = constant

Therefore,

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

Put the given values in the formula,

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

P₁/299 = 7.77/620

P₁ = 3.75 atm

Hence, the initial pressure was 3.75 atm.

Learn more about the Gay-Lussac's Law here:

https://brainly.com/question/28199854

#SPJ4

The percentage saturation of the Hemoglobin will be 45%. Hemoglobin saturation will eventually diminish quickly as the PO2 drops.

The hemoglobin's % saturation as a function of oxygen partial pressure is plotted on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (PO2). Hemoglobin will be 100% saturable with oxygen, or all four heme groups will be bound, at a PO2 of 100 mmHg. 1.34 mL of oxygen may be carried by every gram of hemoglobin. Oxygen is soluble in plasma at a solubility coefficient of 0.003. This coefficient shows the volume of oxygen in mL that will dissolve in 100mL of plasma for each 1 mmHg spike in the PO2. The oxygen content is then determined using a formula, so that

Oxygen Content = (0.003 × PO2) + (1.34 × Hemoglobin × Oxygen Saturation).

This formula illustrates that dissolved oxygen is a sufficiently tiny fraction of total oxygen in the blood; consequently, the oxygen content of blood can be deemed equivalent to the oxyhemoglobin levels.

Alveolar gas in the lungs has a PO2 of 100 mmHg. However, even at a PO2 of 60 mmHg, oxygen saturation will still be high because of the high affinity for the fourth oxygen molecule. Hemoglobin saturation will eventually diminish quickly as the PO2 drops; at a PO2 of 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is 75% saturated. In the meantime, hemoglobin is 50% saturated at a PO2 of 25 mmHg. When 50% of each hemoglobin's heme groups are oxygenated, this condition is known as P50.

The nature of the oxygen saturation becomes increasingly important in light of the effects of right and left shifts. A variety of the factors can cause these shifts.

To know more  about hemoglobin, please refer:

https://brainly.com/question/10122738

#SPJ4

Answer:

0.25 moles of COCl₂ are been produced

The element that is oxidized is C, it changed the oxidation state from +2 in CO to +4 in phosgene.

Explanation:

Equilibrium reaction:

Cl₂(g)  +  CO(g)  ⇄  COCl₂(g)

Let's convert the mass of CO to moles:

7g . 1mol /28g = 0.25 moles

As ratio is 1:1, we can say that 0.25 moles of COCl₂ are been produced.

1 mol of chlorine reacts to 1 mol of carbon monoxide in order to produce 1 mol of phosgene.

Chlorine is been reduced:

Cl₂  +  2e⁻  ⇄  2Cl⁻

Change the oxidation state, from 0 (ground state) to -1. Oxidation state decreased.

Carbon is been oxidized.

In CO, carbon has +2 as oxidation state. In phosgene the oxidation state is +4. This oxidation state was increased, that's why it has oxidized.

The element that is oxidized is carbon whose oxidation number was increased from +2 to +4.

The equation of the reaction is;

Cl2(g) + CO(g) ⇄ COCl2(g)

We have been told that the chlorine gas is the reactant in excess hence the carbon monoxide is the limiting reactant.

Number of moles of  CO = 7.0 g/28 g/mol = 0.25 moles

Since the reaction is 1:1, 0.25 moles of COCl2 is produced.

The element that is oxidized is carbon whose oxidation number was increased from +2 to +4.

Learn more about oxidation: https://brainly.com/question/4260635

This potential difference allows for the transfer of electrons from the metal with a higher energy level to the metal with a lower energy level, resulting in the production of electricity.

The process of producing electricity in a galvanic cell involves the flow of electrons from the anode (the metal with a higher energy level) to the cathode (the metal with a lower energy level) through a conductive medium (such as an electrolyte). This flow of electrons creates an electrical current that can be harnessed to power various devices.

The specific metals used in a galvanic cell will determine the potential difference and the amount of electricity that can be produced. For example, a cell constructed with zinc and copper electrodes can produce a voltage of around 1.1 volts, while a cell constructed with magnesium and silver electrodes can produce a voltage of around 2.6 volts.

To know more about electricity  visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/31668005

#SPJ11

If Object A is twice as warm as Object B, then it means B. emits four times as much energy as object

The amount of energy emitted by an object is directly proportional to its temperature, so if Object A is emitting twice as much energy as Object B, it means that Object A is radiating more energy due to its higher temperature. Therefore, Object A emits four times as much energy as Object B, not 16 times or twice as much energy.

This can be explained using the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, which states that the amount of energy radiated by an object is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. Hence, if Object A is twice as warm as Object B, it will radiate 2^4 or four times as much energy as Object B. So therefore, the correct answer is B. emits four times as much energy as object.

Learn more about Stefan-Boltzmann Law at

https://brainly.com/question/30763196

#SPJ11

In this compound, the proportion of carbon atoms to oxygen atoms is 12: 11.

What distinguishes an atom of carbon as such?

The nucleus of a carbon atom is made up of six protons and six neutrons, and it is encased in six electrons. According to quantum physics, the first two electrons must occupy the innermost atomic orbital, while the wavefunctions of the following four electrons only partially fill the second standard and three second principal orbitals.

How are atoms located in a compound?

Calculate the element's molar mass using the periodic table. To determine the atoms, the number of moles, divide the given mass in grams by the molar mass. To get the number of atoms, multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number.

To learn more about oxygen atoms click on the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/28108680

#SPJ1

The overall chemical composition of the mantle is A) Felsic, Mafic, and Ultramafic. The mesosphere is a ductile solid despite having greater temperatures than the asthenosphere because of the B) high pressure there.

1. The mantle can have a wide range of chemical compositions, although felsic, mafic, and ultramafic rocks make up the majority of it.

Light-colored minerals like feldspar and quartz are abundant in felsic rocks. Compared to mafic and ultramafic rocks, they have a lower density and a greater silica concentration.

Darker-colored minerals like pyroxene and olivine are prevalent in mafic rocks. Compared to felsic rocks, they are denser and contain less silica.

2. Between the asthenosphere and the outer core lies a layer of the Earth's interior called the mesosphere.

Materials have higher melting points when under high pressure. As a result of being compressed closer together, the atoms and molecules find it more challenging to move and rupture the atomic or molecular connections that are necessary for melting to take place.

To know more about Mesosphere:

https://brainly.com/question/15011302

#SPJ4

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 25 grams of water from 20°C to 50°C is 3135 Joules (J).

To calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of water, we can use the formula:

Q = m × c × ΔT

Where Q is the heat, m is the mass of the water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Given:

Mass of water (m) = 25 grams

Specific heat capacity of water (c) = 4.18 J/g °C

Change in temperature (ΔT) = 50°C - 20°C = 30°C

Using the formula, we have:

Q = 25 grams × 4.18 J/g °C × 30°C

Calculating:

Q = 25 grams × 4.18 J/g °C × 30°C

Q = 3135 J

Therefore, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 25 grams of water from 20°C to 50°C is 3135 Joules (J).

For more question on temperature

https://brainly.com/question/28144135

#SPJ11

The molarity of the NaCl solution prepared by dissolving 11.8 mol of NaCl in water to make 4.50 L of solution is 2.62 M.

The molarity of a solution is given by the formula: Molarity= (number of moles of solute) ÷ (volume of solution in liters). Moles of NaCl = 11.8 mol. Volume of NaCl solution = 4.50 L. Using the formula, we can find the molarity of the NaCl solution. Molarity = (11.8 mol) ÷ (4.50 L). Molarity = 2.62 M.

Therefore, the molarity of the NaCl solution prepared by dissolving 11.8 mol of NaCl in water to make 4.50 L of solution is 2.62 M. Molarity is the measure of concentration in a solution. It is defined as the number of moles of a solute present in a liter of a solution. NaCl is an ionic compound, and the given question deals with its molarity. The formula of molarity helped us find out the concentration of the NaCl solution.

Learn more about molarity here:

https://brainly.com/question/2817451

#SPJ11

According to the research, the correct option is d. Fernando is currently going through Detoxification process in which his body is cleared of drugs.

This is the treatment aimed at restoring the body's physiological homeostasis after it has been disturbed by the consumption of psychotropic substances as drugs.

In this sense, this process is carried out under the supervision of specialists in the treatment of addictive behaviors.

Therefore, we can conclude that Detoxification is a process of eliminating drugs or substances harmful to health to achieve physiological stability in the body.

Learn more about Detoxification here: https://brainly.com/question/1050931

#SPJ1

From more reactive to least reactive carbonyl‑containing compounds :

3-methylpentanoyl chloride >benzoic anhydride   >   

butyl acetate> propionamide                                             

The carbonyl carbon should be more electron deficient to increase its reactivity for nucleophilic addition. The presence of R or Ar groups reduces this electron shortage. Less reactivity occurs when more of these groups are present.

The capacity of the electronegative leaving group to activate the carbonyl is connected to the relative reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives toward nucleophile replacements. The carbonyl loses electron density as a result of the additional electronegative leaving groups, which also increases the carbonyl's electrophilicity.

The reactivity order of carbonyl compounds from more reactive to least reactive  :

acyl halide, acid anhydride, aldehyde, ketone, ester, carboxylic acid, amide, carboxylate ion

Benzoyl chloride, acetaldehyde, butyl acetate, and acetic anhydride are more reactive than acid chlorides and anhydrides. Ketones and aldehydes have lower reactivity.

To learn more about Carbonyl group reactivity click below-

https://brainly.com/question/14286522

#SPJ4

Yes all gases are homogenous mixture.

A homogeneous mixture is defined as a gaseous, liquid or solid mixture that has the same proportions of its components throughout a given sample. It remains uniform in throughout the composition. Basically, there is only one phase of matter observed in a homogeneous mixture.

Generally, in all types of gas mixtures, each component in the gas phase can be treated separately. Each component present in the mixture shares the same temperature and volume. (We must remember that the gases usually expand to fill the volume of their container; gases in a mixture also do that.) However, each gas always has its own pressure.

Learn more about homogenous mixture from the link given below.

https://brainly.com/question/30583932

#SPJ4

Answer: the answer is LIQUIDS

Answer:

D. Liquids

Explanation:

Liquid is probably the rarest state in the Universe, with the only discovered naturally occurring liquids being the Earth's surface water and our liquid metal core.

Explanation:

No, it does not pass the "fat pencil" test. Therefore, a normal distribution is not a reasonable model. Option B is the correct answer.

The "fat pencil" test is a quick visual check to determine if a dataset can be reasonably approximated by a normal distribution. In this case, the pH readings of wastewater show a significant deviation from a normal distribution. The presence of several low pH values (1.0) and a few high pH values (10.0, 10.5, 11.4) indicate a non-normal distribution with skewness and potential outliers. Therefore, it is not reasonable to model these data using a normal distribution.

Option B is the correct answer.

You can learn more about normal distribution at

https://brainly.com/question/4079902

#SPJ11

There are 4.48 × 10-3 moles of \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\) are required to dissolve 0.35 mol of AgBr in a 1.0 L solution if Ksp for AgBr is 3.3 × 10-13 and Kf for the complex ion \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\).

AgBr dissociates in water, and we can write the reaction as shown below:

\(AgBr = Ag^{+} + Br{-}\)

Since \(Ksp = [Ag^{+}][Br^{-}]\), we can obtain the equilibrium concentrations of \(Ag^{+}\) and \(Br^{-}\) from the Ksp value, using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. Here, the concentration of  \(Br^{-}\)  is equal to that of \(Ag^{+}\).

Therefore, \(Ag^{+}\) =  \(Br^{-}\)  = √Ksp = √3.3 × 10-13 M\(\sqrt{Ksp} = \sqrt{3.3 * 10^{-13}} M\)  \(5.74 * 10^{-7}\) M. To determine the number of moles of \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\) required to dissolve 0.35 mol of AgBr in a 1.0 L solution, we must calculate the concentration of \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\) ion first.

Kf = \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\)./(\(Ag^{+}\)\([S_{2}O_{3}^{-2}]\))

For \(Ag^{+}\), we use the concentration obtained from Ksp:

\(Ag^{+}\)= \(5.74 * 10^{-7}\) M

Kf =  \(4.7 * 10^{13}\) mol-1L-3

\([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\)= Kf × \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\)

=  \(Ag^{+}\)/Kf

\([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\)

= (\(5.74 * 10^{-7}\) M)/(\(4.7 * 10^{13}\)  mol-1L-3 × (\(5.74 * 10^{-7}\) M)2)

= \(4.48 * 10^{-3}\) M

To find the number of moles of \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\) required to dissolve AgBr in 1 L of solution, multiply the concentration of \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\) by the volume of the solution:

\(4.48 * 10^{-3}\)  M × 1 L = \(4.48 * 10^{-3}\) moles \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\).

\(4.48 * 10^{-3}\) moles of \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\) are required to dissolve 0.35 mol of AgBr in a 1.0 L solution.

We used the stoichiometry of the balanced equation and the Ksp value to determine the concentration of [Ag+] and [Br-]. Then, we calculated the concentration of \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\). from the Kf value and the [Ag+] value obtained from Ksp.

Finally, we multiplied the concentration of \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\) by the volume of the solution to obtain the number of moles of \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\) needed to dissolve 0.35 mol of AgBr in a 1.0 L solution.

4.48 × 10-3 moles of \(Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\) are required to dissolve 0.35 mol of AgBr in a 1.0 L solution if Ksp for AgBr is  \(3.3 * 10^{-13}\) and Kf for the complex ion \([Ag(S_{2}O_{3})_{2}]^{3-}\) is \(4.7 * 10^{13}\)  mol-1L-3.

For more information on moles kindly visit to

https://brainly.com/question/31390950

#SPJ11

Answer:1-Diffusion

2-Cerebral edema

Explanation:

The process of water migrating from areas of low electrolyte concentration to areas of high electrolyte concentration is called diffusion.

Cerebral edema is the medical term for the swelling of the brain.

Diffusion is a process where the substance or ions of from a low concentration to a high concentration. It occurs against the concentration gradient, so it needs energy.

Cerebral edema is a condition where fluid gets filled in the brain and the brain swells and make pressure on the skull called intracranial pressure.

Thus, Diffusion is the mechanism by which water moves from regions with low electrolyte concentrations to regions with high electrolyte concentrations.

The medical term for brain swelling is cerebral edema.

Learn more about Cerebral edema, here:

https://brainly.com/question/9129919

#SPJ2

Answer:

Kr- dispersion forces

CBr4- dispersion forces

CH3OH - dispersion forces, dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding

NaF- ionic

Kr-<CBr4<CH3OH<NaF

Explanation:

The magnitude of intermolecular forces influences the boiling points of substances. The stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point.

The strongest intermolecular forces here is the Ionic bond hence it accounts for the highest boiling point followed by CH3OH having hydrogen bonding.

Though Krypton and CBr4 both have dipole interaction, the higher relative molecular mass of CBr4 makes it to have a higher boiling point than Kr

There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, NaBr is a ionic compound and has a crystalline structure.

Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.

Ionic compounds are formed by cation and anion. Sodium bromide is an ionic compound. Sodium is a metals so it act as cation as Na⁺ and Chlorine is a non metal so it act as anion as Br⁻. Both ions combine to form NaBr. sodium bromide has crystalline structure.

Therefore, NaBr is a ionic compound and has a crystalline structure.

To learn more about chemical compound, here:

https://brainly.com/question/26487468

#SPJ1

Answer:

The answer is B

Explanation:

0.25 + 0.39= 0.64

Los electrolitos son sustancias que se disocian en agua para dar iones.

Generalmente en química, podemos clasificar sustancias como

Los electrolitos pueden disociarse en solución para producir iones, pero un no electrolito no puede hacer eso.

Entre los electrolitos hay dos clases;

Los electrolitos fuertes se disocian completamente en solución, mientras que los electrolitos débiles no se disocian completamente en solución.

El hecho de que los electrolitos débiles no se disocien por completo significa que algunas moléculas de la sustancia no se disocian.

Por lo tanto, si los ácidos nitroso y fluorhídrico se describen como electrolitos débiles, esto significa que hay moléculas en la solución que no están disociadas.

Lea más: https://brainly.com/question/14566383

Answer:Transcript A liquid’s vapor pressure is directly related to the intermolecular forces present between its molecules. The stronger these forces, the lower the rate of evaporation and the lower the vapor pressure.

Explanation:

As vapors are produced more from a liquid there will be more cooling effect as vapors are inversely proportional to the boiling point that means lesser the boiling point better will be the evaporation.

Intermolecular forces are the forces present between the molecules and liquid’s vapor pressure is directly related to the intermolecular forces as well . The stronger these forces, the lower the rate of evaporation and the lower the vapor pressure.

Therefore, the relationship between the vapor pressure of a liquid and how well it cools by evaporation is having direct proportionality.

Learn more about evaporation, here:

https://brainly.com/question/5019199?referrer=searchResults

#SPJ2

2 different E2 products are expected in the reaction of 3-Bromo-1,1-dimethyl cyclohexane with NaOCH₂CH₃.

It's a one-step mechanism called an E2 elimination that deals with bimolecular elimination. The bonds between carbon and hydrogen and carbon and halogen generally separate at this point to create a new double bond. A base, on the other hand, is a crucial component of the rate-determining step in the E2 mechanism and it greatly affects the process. Counting the steps in the mechanism is the most straightforward approach to tell E1 from E2 in a system. In contrast to E2, which occurs in a single step without an intermediate step, E1 involves two stages and a carbocation intermediate. In a syn elimination reaction, the base attacks the -hydrogen from the same side as the leaving group. The β-hydrogen on the other side of the departing group is attacked by the base in anti-elimination. Experimental research has shown that an anti mechanism is involved in the removal of E2.

Find out more about E2 elimination

brainly.com/question/28239179

#SPJ4

Answer:

false

Explanation:

False.

According to Rutherford's theory, an atom's nucleus is surrounded by electrons that are negatively charged. He also asserted that the electrons that surround the nucleus travel in a circular pattern at extremely high speeds. He gave these elliptical routes the name orbits.

Atomic Model by Dalton.

Atomic model by J.J. Thomson.

The atomic model of Rutherford.

Principle of Neil Bohr.

Various Atomic Models FAQs.

Examples of this group include the compound-nucleus model (qq. v.) and the liquid-drop model. Other nuclear models combine elements from the two groups, such as the collective model (q.v. ), which combines the liquid-drop mode and the shell model.

To learn more about nuclear atomic model refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/25534456

#SPJ2