the energy of a transition from the ℓ = 2 to the ℓ = 3 state in hcl is 0.360 ev. (a) compute the rotational inertia (in kg · m2) of the hcl molecule.
Answers
The formula for rotational energy is: E=J(J+1)h2/2IWhere,E = Energy of the molecule J = Rotational Quantum Number h = Planck’s Constant I = Moment of inertia of the molecule mass To compute the moment of inertia of the H C l molecule.
Given, E = 0.360 eV = 0.360 x 1.6 x 10^-19 J h = 6.626 x 10^-34 J · s J = 2 for ℓ = 2 and J = 3 for ℓ = 3.Now, using the formula:0.360 x 1.6 x 10^-19 = (2 x 3 + 2 x 2)h2/2I 0.360 x 1.6 x 10^-19 = 14h2/I The value of I can be obtained using the formula: I = µr²The bond length of HCl molecule is 1.275 x 10^-10 m.
To obtain the reduced mass of HCl molecule:µ = mHmCl / (mH + mCl)where,mH = Mass of hydrogen atommCl = Mass of chlorine atomThe mass of hydrogen atom is 1.0078 u and that of chlorine atom is 35.453 u.1 u = 1.6605 x 10^-27 kgµ = 1.0078 x 35.453 / (1.0078 + 35.453) µ = 0.97045 uThe reduced mass in kg is:µ = 0.97045 x 1.6605 x 10^-27 = 1.6128 x 10^-27 kgUsing this value, the moment of inertia is:I = µr²I = 1.6128 x 10^-27 x (1.275 x 10^-10)²I = 3.34 x 10^-46 kg · m²By substituting the value of I, the rotational energy can be determined as:E = 0.360 x 1.6 x 10^-19 = 14h²/2(3.34 x 10^-46)E = 2.986 x 10^-22 JThus, the rotational inertia of the HCl molecule is 3.34 x 10^-46 kg · m².
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Related Questions
HELP ME PLEASE
If the kinetic and polential energy in a system are equal, then the potential energy increases. Whal happers as a
result?
O Total energy increases.
O Stored energy decreases.
O Energy of motion decreases
O Total energy decreases.
Answers
Answer:
Total energy increases.
Explanation:
Answer:stored energy decreases
Explanation:
When a metal was exposed to photons at a frequency of 1.34×1015 s−1,
electrons were emitted with a maximum kinetic energy of 3.60×10−19 J.
Calculate the work function, Φ,
of this metal.
Φ=
J/photon
What is the maximum number of electrons that could be ejected from this metal by a burst of photons (at some other frequency) with a total energy of 3.67×10−7 J?
number of electrons:
Answers
The work function of the metal is 5.2 * 10^-19 J while the number of electrons is 2.3 * 10^12 electrons.
What is the work function?From the photoelectric theory of Einstein, electrons are emitted when light of appropriate wavelength is incident on a clean metal surface. The minimum energy that the incident light must possess is called the work function of the metal.
We know that;
Kinetic energy = Energy of incident photon - Work function
Energy of incident photon = hf = 6.6 * 10^-34 Js * 1.34×10^15 s−1
= 8.8 * 10^-19 J
Work function = Energy of incident photon - Kinetic energy
Work function = 8.8 * 10^-19 J - 3.60×10^−19 J
Work function = 5.2 * 10^-19 J
Now;
The total energy = 3.67×10−7 J
Hence;
3.67×10−7 J = n * 1.6 * 10^-19 J
n = 3.67×10−7 J/1.6 * 10^-19 J
n = 2.3 * 10^12 electrons
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If you combine sodium(Na) and chlorine(Cl) to make sodium chloride how many atoms of each will you need? Explain
Answers
Answer:
I don't understand but I can tell u this:
Na has one extra valence electron and Cl has one missing one. Chemical reactions and forming of compounds is all in the electrons and not the nucleus. So, when highly reactive Na mixes with Cl, they form a stable compound called NaCl, or table salt.
If we are making one molecule of sodium chloride, we need one sodium atom and one chlorine atom. The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl.
What is sodium chloride?Sodium chloride is an ionic compound formed by the combination of sodium and chlorine atoms. One molecule of sodium chloride contains one sodium and one chlorine atom to form NaCl. Now if we are making one mole of NaCl, we need 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of each element.
Sodium is a metal and possess extra one electron in its valence shell. Chlorine have 7 valence electrons thus, it needs one more electron to attain octet. Sodium donates its electron to chlorine and gains a positive charge.
Chlorine gains a negative charge by accepting the electron from sodium. This opposite charge clouds undergo electrostatic force of attraction. And thus, it an ionic bond forms between them.
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A popular radio station broadcasts with a frequency of 92.7 MHz. What is the wavelength of the broadcast?
Answers
f=92.2*1000000 (convert to hertz)
1/92200000=1.085*10raised to the power of -5
1.
Archaeologists have discovered the legendary Golden Igloo of the Pribiloff Islands, a structure consisting of a
halfspherical shell with an inner diameter of 1.25 m and an out diameter of 1.45 m. What is the value of this antiquity,
given that gold currently sells for $1,263/ounce and has a density of 19.3 g/cm3? (Note that 1 ounce = 31.1034768 g)
Answers
Answer:
The value of the Golden Igloo is $227.4 million.
Explanation:
First, we need to find the inner and the outer volume of the half-spherical shell:
\( V_{i} = \frac{1}{2}*\frac{4}{3}\pi r_{i}^{3} \)
\( V_{o} = \frac{1}{2}*\frac{4}{3}\pi r_{o}^{3} \)
The total volume is given by:
\( V_{T} = V_{o} - V_{i} \)
Where:
\( V_{i} \): is the inner volume
\(r_{i}\): is the inner radius = 1.25/2 = 0.625 m
\( V_{o} \): is the outer volume
\(r_{o}\): is the outer radius = 1.45/2 = 0.725 m
Then, the total volume of the Igloo is:
\( V_{T} = \frac{2}{3}\pi r_{o}^{3} - \frac{2}{3}\pi r_{i}^{3} = \frac{2}{3}\pi [(0.725 m)^{3} - (0.625 m)^{3}] = 0.29 m^{3} \)
Now, by using the density we can find the mass of the Igloo:
\( m = 19.3 \frac{g}{cm^{3}}*0.29 m^{3}*\frac{(100 cm)^{3}}{1 m^{3}} = 5.60 \cdot 10^{6} g \)
Finally, the value (V) of the antiquity is:
\( V = \frac{\$ 1263}{oz}*5.60 \cdot 10^{6} g*\frac{1 oz}{31.1034768 g} = \$ 227.4 \cdot 10^{6} \)
Therefore, the value of the Golden Igloo is $227.4 million.
I hope it helps you!
What is the trend in ionization energy as you move across period 2, from li to ne?.
Answers
Ionization energy increases as we move across the period from left to right.
order of ionization energy across period 2
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
What is Ionization energy?
Ionization energy represents the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom (X) in its ground state. It is minimum at the alkali metals and their low ionization enthalpies can be correlated with their high reactivityThe Ionization energy is maximum at the nobel gases since they have closed electron shellsTrends for Ionization energy
There are two trends, the first ionization enthalpy generally increases as we go across a period from left to right and decreases as we go down in a group.Two factors to understand these trends arethe attraction of electrons towards the nucleus and the repulsion of electrons from each other nucleusorder of ionization energy across period 2
Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
Be and N are comparitively more stable valence subshell than B and OThe first ionization of Be is greater than that of Boron because Be has a stable complete electronic configuration (1s2 2s2) thus it require more energy to remove the first electron from it, whereas Boron has electronic configuration (1s2 2s2 2p1 ) which need lesser energy than that of Beryllium.Nitrogen has stable electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p3 has half filled p orbital thus it requires more energy to remove an electron from stable valence orbital than oxygen 1s2 2s2 2p4 which need less energyLearn more about Ionization energy at https://brainly.com/question/8980265
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What is Loschmidt’s number? How is it related to Avogadro’s number?
Answers
Answer:
The mole and Avogadro’s number are two important concepts of science that provide a link between the properties of individual atoms or molecules and the properties of bulk matter. It is clear that an early theorist of the idea of these two concepts was Avogadro. However, the research literature shows that there is a controversy about the subjects of when and by whom the mole concept was first introduced into science and when and by whom Avogadro’s number was first calculated. Based on this point, the following five matters are taken into consideration in this paper. First, in order to base the subject matter on a strong ground, the historical development of understanding the particulate nature of matter is presented. Second, in 1811, Amedeo Avogadro built the theoretical foundations of the mole concept and the number 6.022 × 1023 mol−1. Third, in 1865, Johann Josef Loschmidt first estimated the number of molecules in a cubic centimetre of a gas under normal conditions as 1.83 × 1018. Fourth, in 1881, August Horstmann first introduced the concept of gram-molecular weight in the sense of today’s mole concept into chemistry and, in 1900, Wilhelm Ostwald first used the term mole instead of the term ‘gram-molecular weight’. Lastly, in 1889, Károly Than first determined the gram-molecular volume of gases under normal conditions as 22,330 cm3. Accordingly, the first value for Avogadro’s number in science history should be 4.09 × 1022 molecules/gram-molecular weight, which is calculated by multiplying Loschmidt’s 1.83 × 1018 molecules/cm3 by Than’s 22,330 cm3/gram-molecular weight. Hence, Avogadro is the originator of the ideas of the mole and the number 6.022 × 1023 mol−1, Horstmann first introduced the mole concept into science/chemistry, and Loschmidt and Than are the scientists who first calculated Avogadro’s number. However, in the science research literature, it is widely expressed that the mole concept was first introduced into chemistry by Ostwald in 1900 and that Avogadro’s number was first calculated by Jean Baptiste Perrin in 1908. As a result, in this study, it is particularly emphasised that Horstmann first introduced the mole concept into science/chemistry and the first value of Avogadro’s number in the history of science was 4.09 × 1022 molecules/gram-molecular weight and Loschmidt and Than together first calculated this number.
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What volume of carbon dioxide, measured at 25 °C and 741 torr, can be obtained by the reaction of 50.0 g of CaCO3 with 750 mL of 2.00M HCl solution?CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) => CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (unbalanced)
a.
11.2 L
b.
12.5 L
c.
18.8 L
d.
9.4 L
e.
6.25 L
Answers
The volume of carbon dioxide measured at 25 °C and 741 torr is 12.5L.
How is volume related to temperature?
The Charles' law concept was later updated by Joseph Gay-Lussac and generalized in 1802. At extremely high temperatures and low pressures, gases adhere to Charles' law. It can be obtained from the kinetic theory of gases under the assumption of an ideal gas and is a specific case of the general gas law.
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is linearly proportional to temperature at constant pressure.
"The volume of a fixed mass of a gas reduces when it is cooled and rises when the temperature is raised. The volume of the gas rises by 1/273 of its initial volume at 0 °C for every degree of temperature rise. Let Vo and Vt represent the gas's volumes at 0 C and t C, respectively.
The balanced equation is :
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) => CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
50 g of CaCO3 × 1mole/100.1 g × 1 mol CO2 / 1 mol CaCO3 = 0.50 mol CO2
2.00 M HCl × 0.750 L/ 1mol × 1 mol CO2 / 2 mol HCl = 0.75 mol CO2
CaCO3 is the limiting reagent.
So, 0.50 mol CO2 will be produced.
V = 0.50 × 0.0821 L atm mol -1 K -1 ×(25+273) / 741 torr ×{ 1 atm /760 torr}
Volume = 12.5 L
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50 POINTS!! CAN SOMEONE PLEASEEEE HELP ME do this for my chemistry class please i need it done asap!! to give me the answers your probably going to have to write it on paper then attach the picture to your answer!! thank you so much!! <3
Answers
The chlorine atom only requires one more electron to fulfill its octet because the potassium atom only has one valence electron and has seven total electrons.
How do atoms work?Protons, positive charged particles, and neutrons, neutral charged particles, make up the nucleus of each atom. Around the nucleus are electrons, which are negative particles. Atoms of the same element share the same chemical characteristics and mass, but atoms of other elements have unique chemical characteristics and masses. Compounds are created when atoms join in ratios of few whole numbers.
Describe a compound?A compound is a substance made up of two or more types of elements together in a specific proportion of their atoms. As the components are combined, they interact with one another.
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3. Which best explains the flow of energy in an internal combustion engine?
O
A. Work is converted into energy stored in chemical bonds.
B. The expansion of gases is used to do work.
C. Heat is converted into work to power the engine.
D. An increase in pressure is converted into heat and work.
Check Answer
Answers
An increase in pressure is converted into heat and work, explains the flow of energy in an internal combustion engine. Gasoline is ignited and consumed within an internal combustion engine (ICE) by the engine itself.
The engine then partially transforms the energy from combustion into work. The engine is composed of a fixed cylinder and a rotating piston. There are three main types of internal combustion engines in use today: the spark ignition engine, which is mainly used in automobiles; the diesel engine, which is used in heavy machinery and industrial systems and has an advantage over the more compact and lighter ones due to improvements in cycle efficiency.
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In which group do all the elements have the same number of valence electrons?
a. p, s, cl
b. ag, cd, ar
c. na, ca, ba
d. p, as, se
e. none of these
Answers
The correct option is (e) none of these ,Valency is the ability of an element to combine.
What is Valency?Valency is the ability of an element to combine. Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same valency. An element's valency is determined by how many electrons make up its outer shell.
A property of an element called "valency" defines how effectively it can meld with other elements. It is a way to count how many electrons are in an atom's outermost shell.
An atom's stability is determined by its valence electrons. Additionally, valence electrons are in charge of an atom's stability. The Octet Rule states that atoms often gain or lose electrons to reach the octet state, which is defined as having eight electrons in their valence shell. They stabilise at this stage.
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The reason salt crystals, such as KCl, hold together so well is because the cations are strongly attracted to:
a
neighboring anions.
b
free electrons in the crystals.
c
neighboring cations.
d
the protons in the neighboring nucleus.
Answers
consider three one-liter flasks labeled a, b, and c filled with the gases cl2, clo2, and cl2o, respectively, each at 1 atm and 273 K. In which flask do the molecules have the highest average kinetic energy?
Answers
Consider three one-liter flasks labeled a, b, and c filled with the gases Cl₂, ClO₂, and Cl₂O, each at 1 atm and 273 K. flask do the molecules have the highest average kinetic energy is all the flask molecules have highest average kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy expression is given as :
K.E = 3/2 K T
so, from the expression it is clear that the kinetic energy and the temperature of the gas particles are directly proportional to each other. the relation is given as :
K.E ∝ T
the temperature for all the three flasks are same so, all the three flask the molecules have the highest average kinetic energy.
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How many grams are in 4 moles of Calcium?
Answers
Answer:
160.32 grams of Ca or 160 if rounded
Explanation:
Multiply moles of Ca by the conversion factor (molar mass of calcium) 40.08 g Ca/ 1 mol Ca, which then allows the cancelation of moles, leaving grams of Ca.
4 mol*40.08g/mol = 160.32 grams of Ca
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Answer:
\(\boxed {\boxed {\sf 160.32 \ g, \ 160 \ g, \ or \ 200 \ g }}\)
Explanation:
To convert from grams to moles, we must use calcium's molar mass, which can be found on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Calcium (Ca) Molar Mass: 40.08 g/molNow, we can use the molar mass as a ratio or fraction.
\(\frac{40.08 \ g \ Ca}{1 \ mol \ Ca}\)
This fraction can be multiplied by the number of moles, which is 4.
\(4 \ mol \ Ca * \frac{40.08 \ g \ Ca}{1 \ mol \ Ca}\)
When we multiply, the moles of calcium will cancel each other out.
\(4* \frac{40.08 \ g \ Ca}{1}\)
Since the fraction is over 1, we can just remove the denominator and write a simply multiplication equation.
\(4* 40.08 \ g \ Ca\)
\(160.32 \ g \ Ca\)
Depending on the teacher's instructions, the answer can be left as is or rounded.
If we round to the technically correct number of significant figures, it would be 1, because the original measurement of 4 moles has 1 sig fig. This would 200 grams, but that's a large amount to round.
We could also round to the nearest whole number. The 3 in the tenth place tells us to leave the whole number as it is. This would be 160 grams.
The answer could be 160.32 grams, 160 grams, or 200 grams, depending on rounding and significant figures.
What amino acid is formed using the n-phthalimidomalonic ester synthesis when the following alkyl halides are used in the third step?.
Answers
Leucine and methionine are the amino acids formed using the n-phthalimido malonic ester synthesis.
The steps involved in phthalimido malonic ester synthesis:
Step 1: Deprotonation To Give An Enolate
In the first step, a base (CH3O– in this case) removes the most acidic proton from the ester (on C2 here, with a pKa of about 13) to give an enolate. The resulting enolate can be drawn as one of two resonance forms.
Step 2: SN2 Reaction Of The Enolate Nucleophile With An Alkyl Halide Electrophile.
Enolates are great nucleophiles. In the second step, the enolate acts as a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction to form a new C-C bond.
Step 3: Acidic Ester Hydrolysis
Acid and water are added to perform the aqueous hydrolysis of the ester to a carboxylic acid.
Step 4: Decarboxylation To Give An Enol
When carboxylic acids have a carbonyl group (C=O) two bonds away, they can readily lose carbon dioxide, because the carbonyl can act as an electron “sink” for the pair of electrons coming from the breaking C–C bond, forming an enol. This is called “decarboxylation”. Note how this is also the case for carboxylic acids with a ketone two bonds away, so-called “β-keto acids”.
Step 5: Tautomerization Of The Enol Back To The Carboxylic Acid
The enol that is formed is not a stable species. It can undergo transformation into its constitutional isomer: in this case, a carboxylic acid. These two constitutional isomers are in equilibrium with each other, although the “keto” form (with the carbonyl group) is greatly favoured. This process is called "tautomerism".
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PLEASE HELP!!!
Explain how an electric car might still run on fossil fuels.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
When you use electricity to charge your car, you can integrate renewable resources like solar into the fueling process. Without solar, your electric vehicle is still effectively running off of fossil fuels – it's just the fossil fuels utilized at the power plant and not within your engine.
Fossil fuels include substances like natural gas, coal, and oil. It is possible for electric cars to run on these fossil fuels. Fossil fuels like coal are burnt up to generate electricity. So when cars run on electricity, they are indirectly tapping into fossil fuels.
As the world continues to seek measures to reduce carbon emissions, electric cars are gradually becoming an option. While it is true that these fossil fuels might not be used directly on electric cars, they still find use indirectly in these cars. When coal is burnt up at the power plant to generate electricity, electric cars tap into fossil fuels indirectly.Learn more here:
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What’s the disadvantages of using the resource oil?
Answers
Oil spills and its after-effects on the environment.2. Air pollution.3. The production and use of oil contribute to climate change.4. High cost and price volatility.5. Danger to oil workers.6. Dependency on oil.
Oil spills and its after-effects on the environment: When oil leaks into the environment due to pipeline or tank rupture, oil drilling, or spills from offshore platforms, it causes severe ecological harm. When oil is spilled into waterways, it covers the surface of the water and kills aquatic organisms.
Oil extraction is a hazardous job that can result in worker injury or death. Oil rig explosions, oil spills, and other accidents have occurred, injuring or killing employees.6. Dependency on oil: Our economy and lifestyle are heavily reliant on oil. If we don't have oil, many of our modern luxuries will be affected. We'll have to make significant changes to our infrastructure, economy, and way of life if we switch to cleaner energy alternatives.
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What step of the water cycle has the most direct impact on freshwater storage
Answers
Answer:
Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
Explanation:
using details and examples from the text explain how the digestive system helps your body obtain the energy it needs
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
What is the percent composition of carbon in acetic acid?.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The percent composition of carbon in acetic acid is 40.002%.
how many moles Mg(OH)2 has in 0,05 kg from substance?
Answers
According to the data 0.855 moles Mg(OH)₂ has in 0.05 kg from substance.
How do you convert moles to mass?Add the number of moles to the substance's molecular weight. The molecular weight of a substance determines how many grams there are in a mole and provides a conversion factor from moles to grams for that specific substance. 1 mol H2O x 18.02 g/mol = 18.02 g, or 18.02 grams, is the mass of one mole of water.
Briefing:1 kg = 1000g
We can convert 0.05 kg to grams
0.05 * 1000 = 50 grams
Then Find moles of Mg(OH)₂
1 grams Mg(OH)₂ is equal to 0.0171 mole
Then 50 grams Mg(OH)₂ is :
50 * 0.0171 = 0.855 moles
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Magnesium fluoride can be formed by burning magnesium in fluorine gas. With reference to its bonding, explain why magnesium fluoride has a very high melting point.
Answers
Answer:
Magnesium Flouride is a ionic compound and thus has a giant lattice structure. Its ions are held together in this lattice by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. A large amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the Mg2+ ions and the F- ions to separate the ions. Hence Magnesium fluoride has a very high melting point.
Which of the following could be used as biomass fuel?Check all that apply.A.A treeB.WaterC.SaltD.Corn plants
Answers
Answers
A and D
Explanation
Biomass fuel is produced from organic materials, so trees and corn plants apply.
a compound with the formula secln has a formula mass of 220.77 amu. what is the value for n in the formula secln?
Answers
Molecular mass/ empirical formula mass = n
Where n is a whole number.
For the above question, n = 2
Explain the above formula.The above formula is used to calculate the formula mass of a compound.
Where n, that is the answer, should be a whole number or very close to a whole number.
Molecular mass = 220.771 g/mol
Se molecular weight =78.96
Cl molecular weight = 35
The formula mass = 78.96+35.45 = 114.41
Thus, n = 220/114 = 2
Hence value of n=2
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Name some physical and chemical properties of hafnium.
Answers
Answer:
Physical Properties of Hafnium Hafnium is a shiny and silvery metal exhibiting ductile features. It is usually resistant to corrosion and exhibits similar chemical properties to that of zirconium.
Atomic Mass: 178.49 g.mol −
1Atomic Number: 72Symbol: Hf
Which of these metals does not act as a sacrificial electrode for iron?
A. Mg
B. Zn
C. Mn
D. Cu
Answers
The metal that does not act as a sacrificial electrode for iron is C. Mn (Manganese).
2.
Si la masse volumique d'une substance est 10g/ml et sa masse est 80g, quel est
son volume??
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
You have a 100 gram sample of each of the following metals. Which sample has the largest volume?
*the sample with the lowest density would have the greatest volume
1) aluminum, d= 2.7 g/cm^3
2) gold, d = 19.3 g/cm^3
3) iron, d = 7.86 g/cm^3
4) magnesium, d = 1.74 g/cm^3
5) silver, d = 10.5 g/cm^3
Answers
To determine which metal sample has the largest volume among the given options, we need to compare their densities. The sample with the lowest density will have the greatest volume for a given mass.
Let's calculate the volumes of the metal samples using the formula:
Volume = Mass / Density
1) For aluminum: Mass = 100 g, Density = 2.7 g/cm^3
Volume of aluminum = 100 g / 2.7 g/cm^3 = 37.04 cm^3
2) For gold: Mass = 100 g, Density = 19.3 g/cm^3
Volume of gold = 100 g / 19.3 g/cm^3 = 5.18 cm^3
3) For iron: Mass = 100 g, Density = 7.86 g/cm^3
Volume of iron = 100 g / 7.86 g/cm^3 = 12.72 cm^3
4) For magnesium: Mass = 100 g, Density = 1.74 g/cm^3
Volume of magnesium = 100 g / 1.74 g/cm^3 = 57.47 cm^3
5) For silver: Mass = 100 g, Density = 10.5 g/cm^3
Volume of silver = 100 g / 10.5 g/cm^3 = 9.52 cm^3
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Balance the equation:
C6H1206 + 02 → CO2 + H2O
Answers
Answer:
c6h12o6 + 6o2 = 6co2 + 6h20
Explanation:
c6h12o6 + 6o2 = 6co2 + 6h20
0 = 18 18
h = 12 12
c = 6 6
STEP 4 Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid Step 1 A. First Proton Transfer Step 2 B. Second Proton Transfer Step 4 C. Elimination D. Addition
Answers
It's important to note that the order of the steps mentioned (Step 1, Step 2, Step 4) may vary depending on the specific synthesis protocol, but the overall process involves these key transformations: proton transfer, elimination, and addition.
In the synthesis of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), the steps involving proton transfer, elimination, and addition can be summarized as follows:
Step 1: A. First Proton TransferIn this step, salicylic acid (a phenolic compound) reacts with an acid catalyst, typically sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The acid catalyst donates a proton (H+) to the hydroxyl group (-OH) of salicylic acid, forming a more reactive intermediate called the acylium ion. The proton transfer occurs to facilitate the subsequent reaction.
Step 2: B. Second Proton TransferIn this step, acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride (the acetylating agent) is added to the reaction mixture containing the acylium ion. The acetylating agent reacts with the acylium ion, leading to the transfer of another proton. This proton transfer allows for the formation of the desired product, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), by acetylating the hydroxyl group of the salicylic acid molecule.
Step 4: C. Elimination and D. AdditionIn this step, the reaction mixture is heated to promote the elimination of an acetic acid molecule from the acetylsalicylic acid intermediate. The elimination of acetic acid involves the loss of water (\(H_2O\)) from the intermediate. This step is followed by the addition of water, which allows for the hydrolysis of the intermediate, resulting in the formation of the final product, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
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