Let G be an uniform random variable on [-t,t]. Show that for anynon-negative RV X which is independent of G andfor any t >= 0, it holds(smoothing Markov)

Answers

Answer 1

To begin, let's define some of the terms mentioned in the question. A random variable (RV) is a variable whose possible values are outcomes of a random phenomenon.


A non-negative RV is a random variable that can only take non-negative values (i.e. values greater than or equal to zero).

A variable is a quantity or factor that can vary in value.

Now, let's look at the problem at hand.

We are given that G is an uniform random variable on [-t,t]. This means that the probability distribution of G is uniform over the interval [-t,t].

We are also given that X is a non-negative RV that is independent of G. This means that the probability distribution of X is not affected by the values of G.

Finally, we are asked to show that for any t >= 0, it holds:

(smoothing Markov)

To prove this, we can use the definition of conditional probability.

P(X > x | G = g) = P(X > x, G = g) / P(G = g)

By independence, we know that P(X > x, G = g) = P(X > x) * P(G = g).

Since G is a uniform RV, we know that P(G = g) = 1 / (2t) for any g in [-t,t].

So, we can simplify the equation as:

P(X > x | G = g) = P(X > x) * (2t)

Now, we can use the law of total probability to find P(X > x), which is the probability that X is greater than x:

P(X > x) = ∫ P(X > x | G = g) * P(G = g) dg

where the integral is taken over the interval [-t,t].

Substituting in the equation we derived earlier, we get:

P(X > x) = ∫ P(X > x) * (2t) * 1/(2t) dg

Simplifying, we get:

P(X > x) = 2 * ∫ P(X > x) dg

Now, we can use the definition of expected value to find E(X):

E(X) = ∫ x * f(x) dx

where f(x) is the probability density function of X.

Using the same logic as before, we can find the probability that X is greater than or equal to t:

P(X >= t) = 2 * ∫ P(X >= t) dg

Substituting this into the original equation, we get:

(smoothing Markov)

Therefore, we have shown that for any non-negative RV X which is independent of G and for any t >= 0, it holds that:

(smoothing Markov)

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Related Questions

how many significant figures does the result of the following sum contain? 8.5201 1.93 a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Answers

The number of significant figures is:

c. 3

What is significant figure?

The crucial or important digits that accurately represent the meaning of a certain number are known as the significant figures of that number. 6.658, for instance, has four significant digits.

To determine the number of significant figures in the result of a sum, we need to consider the least number of significant figures present in the numbers being added.

In the given sum, we have 8.5201 and 1.93.

The number 8.5201 has five significant figures, and the number 1.93 has three significant figures.

When we add these two numbers, the result is 10.4501.

Since 1.93 has three significant figures, the result of the sum should also have three significant figures.

Therefore, the number of significant figures is:

c. 3

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The bill at lunch was $38.40. Joey left a 19% tip. How much tip did Joey leave?

Answers

Answer:

$7.30

Step-by-step explanation:

$38.40/1×19%/100

=$7.30

The answer is $7.30 your welcome pls like

Can anybody tell me the answer for this
11/12-1/3

Can anybody tell me the answer for this 11/12-1/3

Answers

Answer:

7/12 + 2q/3

Step-by-step explanation:

11/12 - 1/3

= 11/12 - 4/12

=(11-4)/12

= 7/12

All the picture:

11/12  - 1q/6 + 5q/6 - 1/3

= 11/12 - 1/3 - 1q/6 + 5q/6

= 7/12 + 4q/6

= 7/12 + 2q/3

Answer:

7-8q/12 is the answer

i aspect that it will be helpful for you

Can anybody tell me the answer for this 11/12-1/3

If A= 1100 ,T=5 years,R=2%p.a.find principal (p)​

Answers

Answer:

simply we can conclude here that,

p = A×100/100+TR

= 1100×100/100+5×2

= 110000/100+10

=110000/110

= 1 000

hence the principle of given amount is rs 1000

hope this helped you☺️

what is 19ft in diameter

Answers

Diameter ft in m
19′0″ 59.69 716.3 18.19

****The circumference of a circle is pi times its diameter
**** The diameter of a circle is the distance from one edge to the other, passing through the center. It is twice the radius

Circumference = π * Diameter

Hello could someone help me I don’t get this? Will name brainliest :D if correct answer please no links

Hello could someone help me I dont get this? Will name brainliest :D if correct answer please no links

Answers

Answer:

  A -- only

Step-by-step explanation:

A segment bisector intersects a segment at its midpoint.

S is the midpoint of segment PQ, so ST is a segment bisector. (It intersects PQ at its midpoint, S.)

No other midpoints are shown in this drawing.

__

A perpendicular bisector is perpendicular to the segment it bisects. None are shown in this drawing.

__

An angle bisector divides an angle into two congruent parts. None are shown in this drawing.

__

The vertex of a right angle is often marked with a small square. Only point P is the vertex of a right angle in this drawing. (We cannot assume OPQR is a square.)

Find the areaaa.. I know this is hella easy but I might be wrong ..

Find the areaaa.. I know this is hella easy but I might be wrong ..

Answers

Answer:

360

Step-by-step explanation:

6 x 6 x 3 x 10 = 360

you're welcome?!?!?

Answer:

48cm

Step-by-step explanation:

Find the areaaa.. I know this is hella easy but I might be wrong ..

Can someone help on this? Thank youu;)

Can someone help on this? Thank youu;)

Answers

Answer:

2^(3/7)

Step-by-step explanation:

For these types of questions, what is inside the root is the numerator, and what is on top is the denominator.

3 is in the root, so it is the numerator

7 is outside the root, so it is the denominator

Therefore, The answer is 2^(3/7)

let k(x)=f(x)g(x)h(x). if f(5)=−1,f′(5)=−2,g(5)=−9,g′(5)=8,h(5)=−4, and h′(5)=−8 what is k′(5)?

Answers

The value of k′(5) for the given expression  k(x)=f(x)g(x)h(x) is equal to 112.

To calculate the value of k'(5),

Apply product rule of differentiation

(u v)' = u' v + u v'

Here we consider  f(x)g(x)  as one function and apply product in between,

u(x) = f(x)g(x)

v(x) = h(x)

Now apply product rule of differentiation we have,

k'(x) = f'(x)g(x)h(x) + f(x)g'(x)h(x) + f(x)g(x)h'(x)

Substitute the value x = 5 in the above expression we have,

⇒k'(5) = (-2)(-9)(-4)) + (-1)(8)(-4) + (-1)(-9)(8)

⇒k'(5) = 72 - 32 + 72

⇒k'(5) = 112

Therefore, the value of the expression k'(5) = 112.

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Question content area top
Part 1
Write an equation of the line passing through the points ​(​3,10​) and ​(​-2,​-20).
the equation of the is?

Answers

y=6x-8 is the equation of the line passing through the points ​(​3,10​) and ​(​-2,​-20).

The slope intercept form of a line is y=mx+b, where m is slope and b is the y intercept.

The slope of line passing through two points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂) is

m=y₂-y₁/x₂-x₁

Let us find the slope of line passing through points  ​(​3,10​) and ​(​-2,​-20).

Slope = -20-10/-2-3

=-30/-5

=6

Now let us find the y intercept

10=6(3)+b

10=18+b

b=-8

Equation is y=6x-8

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Solve for s.


8.9 − 2 = s


s =

Answers

Answer:

S = 6.9

Step-by-step explanation:

nice.

8.9-2 is basically 8-2(which is 6) and the decimal stays the same so 6.9 is the answer

Answer:

\( \sf \: s = 6.9\)

Step-by-step explanation:

Now we have to,

→ Find the required value of s.

The equation is,

→ 8.9 - 2 = s

Then the value of s will be,

→ 8.9 - 2 = s

→ s = 8.9 - 2

→ [ s = 6.9 ]

Hence, the value of s is 6.9.

Work out m and c for the line: y = 1 − 8 x

Answers

Answer:

m = - 8 , c = 1

Step-by-step explanation:

the equation of a line in slope- intercept form is

y = mx + c ( m is the slope and c the y- intercept )

y = 1 - 8x = - 8x + 1 ← is in slope- intercept form

with m = - 8 and c = 1

The cost C ( x ) , where x is the number of miles driven, of renting a car for a day is $37 plus $0.95 per mile. What is the slope of the linear function and its units?

Answers

Answer:

Slope is 0.95 and its unit is dollar per mile

Step-by-step explanation:

To write the slope and its units, what we first need to do is to write the given words in form of an equation.

Given that the cost is the dependent variable and the cost per mile the independent variable, we have;

C(x) = $0.95(x) + 37

Comparing to the general equation of a straight line;

y = mx + c

we can see that the slope is 0.95 and its unit is $/mile (dollars per mile)

Identify the exponential function as a growth or decay function.

f(x) = 4x

a
Growth
b
Decay

Answers

Answer:

A

Step-by-step explanation:

A. growth

Answer:

A. Growth

Step-by-step explanation:

suppose c is x2 y2=9, with parametrization rt. evaluate cfdr directly, by hand.

Answers

Given the curve C parametrized by r(t), where C is defined by the equation x² + y² = 9, we need to evaluate the line integral ∮C F · dr directly, by hand.

To evaluate the line integral ∮C F · dr, we first need to express the curve C in terms of its parametrization r(t).

Since C is defined by x² + y² = 9, we can choose a parametrization such as r(t) = (3cos(t), 3sin(t)), where t is the parameter.

Next, we need to evaluate the dot product F · dr along the curve C. However, the vector field F is not given in the question.

In order to compute F · dr, we need to know the vector field F explicitly.

Once we have the vector field F, we substitute the parametrization r(t) into F and evaluate the dot product F · dr.

The result will depend on the specific form of the vector field F and the parametrization r(t).

Without the explicit form of the vector field F, it is not possible to compute the line integral ∮C F · dr directly by hand.

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If we flip a coin eight times, how many possible sequences of eight coin faces (i.e., heads or tails) can we have

Answers

Using the Fundamental Counting Theorem, the number of possible sequences of eight coin faces is of 256.

It is a theorem that states that if there are n things, each with  ways to be done, each thing independent of the other, the number of ways they can be done is:

In this problem, there are 8 events, each with 2 possible outcomes, hence:

Hence, the total number of sequences is given by:

Hence, the total number of sequences is given by:

.

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please help asap.....​

please help asap.....

Answers

Answer:

B should be correct

Step-by-step explanation:

the answer is c heres a tip do to mathpapa and type this equation in

How many choices are in the sample space of drawing a club out of a deck of 52 cards?

A. 13 choices
B. 52 choices
C. 26 choices
D. 12 choices

Answers

Answer:

A. 13

Step-by-step explanation:

triangle ABC is rotated to for triangle A’B’C’. The coordinates of point A are (1,4) , the coordinates of point B are (10,5) and the coordinates of point C are (6,6). Which counter clockwise rotation around the origin results in the transformation of triangle ABC to triangle A’B’C’.
rotation of 180°
rotation of 270°
rotation of 360°

Answers

Answer:

I think 270 because you rotated 3 times

Step-by-step explanation:

This recipe makes 16 portions of potato soup.
Richard follows the recipe but wants to make 4 portions.
Complete the amounts of each ingredient that he needs.
Recipe: Serves 16
96 ml oil
240 g onions
1.44 kg potatoes
1.61 milk

Answers

Answers:

24 mL of oil60 g onions0.36 kg potatoes0.4025 cup of milk

The units for the milk weren't stated, but I'm assuming it's probably "cups".

=========================================================

Explanation:

The recipe makes 16 portions or servings of soup. Richard only wants 4 servings. This means he needs to divide each ingredient amount by 4. Note how 16/4 = 4.

So,

96/4 = 24 mL of oil is needed240/4 = 60 grams of onions are needed1.44/4 = 0.36 kilograms of potatoes are needed1.61/4 = 0.4025 cups of milk are needed

Change "cups" to whatever other measurement unit is provided.

what are the foci of the ellipse given by the equation 225x^2 144y^2=32400

Answers

The foci of the ellipse given by the equation 225x^2 + 144y^2 = 32400 can be found by identifying the major and minor axes of the ellipse and using the formula for the foci coordinates. The foci of the ellipse are located at (±c, 0). Therefore, the foci are approximately (±15.87, 0).

The equation of the ellipse can be rewritten in standard form:

(225x^2)/32400 + (144y^2)/32400 = 1

We can identify the major and minor axes of the ellipse by comparing the coefficients of x^2 and y^2. The square root of the denominator gives the lengths of the semi-major axis (a) and semi-minor axis (b) of the ellipse.

a = sqrt(32400/225) = 24

b = sqrt(32400/144) = 18

The foci of the ellipse can be calculated using the formula:

c = sqrt(a^2 - b^2)

c = sqrt(24^2 - 18^2)

c = sqrt(576 - 324)

c = sqrt(252)

c ≈ 15.87

The foci of the ellipse are located at (±c, 0). Therefore, the foci are approximately (±15.87, 0).

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What is the slope of the line below??
pls help!

What is the slope of the line below?? pls help!

Answers

Answer:

-1/2

Step-by-step explanation:

Abel’s age in 2019 will be equal to the sum of the digits of his year of birth. If Abel is an adult, how old is Abel now?

Answers

Answer:

23

Step-by-step explanation:

If Abel was born in 1994, in 2019 he would be 23.

1+9+9+4=23


The number 0.05 is how many percent of 20.
(a) 25
(C) 0.25(b) 0.025
(d) 2.5

Answers

Answer:

c 0.25 basic lang nan ehhh dimo pa masagot

Suppose that \( f(x, y)=3 x^{4}+3 y^{4}-x y \) Then the minimum is

Answers

The minimum value of the function is, 6

Now, For the minimum of the given function f(x, y), we'll need to find its critical points and determine which of them corresponds to a minimum.

To find the critical points, we'll need to find the partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y, and set them equal to zero:

∂f/∂x = 12x³ - y = 0

∂f/∂y = 12y³ - x = 0

Solving these equations simultaneously, we get:

x = 1,

y = 1

Now, we need to determine whether these critical points correspond to a minimum or maximum.

To do so, we can use the second partial derivative test.

We'll need to find the second partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y, as well as the cross-partial derivative:

∂²f/∂x² = 36x²

∂²f/∂y² = 36y²

∂²f/∂x∂y = -1

At the critical point (x,y) = (1,1), we have:

∂²f/∂x² = 36

∂²f/∂y² = 36

∂²f/∂x∂y = -1

The determinant of the Hessian matrix is:

∂²f/∂x² × ∂²f/∂y² - (∂²f/∂x∂y)² = 36×36 - (-1)² = 1296

Since the determinant is positive and the second partial derivative with respect to x is positive, we can conclude that the critical point (1,1) corresponds to a minimum of the function.

Therefore, the minimum value of the function is:

f(1,1) = 3(1)⁴ + 3(1)⁴ - (1)(1) = 6

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Complete question is shown in image.

Suppose that \( f(x, y)=3 x^{4}+3 y^{4}-x y \) Then the minimum is

Scientific discoveries are often thought of as the result
of ------- effort, but many discoveries have, in fact,
arisen from ------- or a mistake.
(A) conscientious . . a method
(B) incidental . . a mishap
(C) collaborative . . a design
(D) persistent . . an extension
(E) systematic . . an accident

Answers

Scientific discoveries are often thought of as the result of systematic effort, but many discoveries have, in fact, arisen from  an accident or a mistake.

Option E is the correct option as the sentence could be:Scientists discoveries are often thought of as the result of systematic effort, but many discoveries have, in fact, arisen from an accident or a mistake.as supporting my answer the explanation could be scientists discoveries are only in a systematic manner they follow each step with proper hierarchy.and some facts and discoveries are arisen by mistake or by accidentally during following these systematic steps.Other options are not correct as in option A the combination is not perfect because a method or a mistake not suitable In options B, C, and D also the combination is wrong as the discoveries cant be incidental, design, persistent respectively.

Hence option E is the correct answer.

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(20 points) Find the orthogonal projection of onto the subspace W of R4 spanned by projw (u) = 1 v = 0 0 0

Answers

To find the orthogonal projection of a vector onto a subspace, we can use the formula:

projᵥ(u) = A(AᵀA)⁻¹Aᵀᵤ,

where A is a matrix whose columns span the subspace, and u is the vector we want to project.

In this case, the subspace W is spanned by the vector v = [0, 0, 0, 1].

Let's calculate the orthogonal projection of u onto W using the formula:

A = [v]

The transpose of A is:

Aᵀ = [vᵀ].

Now, let's substitute the values into the formula:

projᵥ(u) = A(AᵀA)⁻¹Aᵀᵤ

= v⁻¹[vᵀ]u

= [v][(vᵀv)⁻¹vᵀ]u

Substituting the values of v and u:

v = [0, 0, 0, 1]

u = [1, 0, 0, 0]

vᵀv = [0, 0, 0, 1][0, 0, 0, 1] = 1

[(vᵀv)⁻¹vᵀ]u = (1⁻¹)[0, 0, 0, 1][1, 0, 0, 0] = [0, 0, 0, 1][1, 0, 0, 0] = [0, 0, 0, 0]

Therefore, the orthogonal projection of u onto the subspace W is [0, 0, 0, 0].

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can anyone help me with this?

can anyone help me with this?

Answers

A=60
B=52
C=152
I’ve attached my work on how I got these answers
Hope this helps!
can anyone help me with this?

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

a + 45 + 70 = 180             45 becomes an interior angle by being opposite a given vertically opposite angle.

a + 115 = 180                      Subtract 115 from both sides

a = 65

b + 68 + 65 = 180            A straight line is 180 degrees.

b +  133 = 180

b = 180 - 133

b = 47

In the triangle b + c + 100 = 180

b = 47

47 + c + 100 = 180

147 + c = 180

c = 33

If C is an exterior angle then C + 33 = 180

C = 147

You have to decide whether c is an interior angle ( in which it is 33) or an exterior angle (in which case it is 147).

Tammy made $234 for 18 hours of work.
At the same rate, how many hours would she have to work to make $104?

Answers

Answer:

8 hours of work

Step-by-step explanation:

$234 ÷ 18 = $13 an hour

$104 ÷ 13 = 8 hours of work

Define Torsion, pure torsion and it's assumptions, torsion
equation and limitation of its formula?

Answers

Torsion refers to the twisting of a structural member due to the application of torque. Pure torsion occurs when a structural member is subjected to torsional loading only. It is analyzed using assumptions such as linear elasticity, circular cross-sections, and small deformations. The torsion equation relates the applied torque, the polar moment of inertia, and the twist angle of the member. However, this formula has limitations in cases of non-circular cross-sections, material non-linearity, and large deformations.

Torsion is the deformation that occurs in a structural member when torque is applied, causing it to twist. In pure torsion, the member experiences torsional loading without any other external forces or moments acting on it. This idealized scenario allows for simplified analysis and calculations. The assumptions made in pure torsion analysis include linear elasticity, which assumes the material behaves elastically, circular cross-sections, which simplifies the geometry, and small deformations, where the twist angle remains small enough for linear relationships to hold.

To analyze pure torsion, engineers use the torsion equation, also known as the Saint-Venant's torsion equation. This equation relates the applied torque (T), the polar moment of inertia (J), and the twist angle (θ) of the member. The torsion equation is given as T = G * J * (dθ/dr), where G is the shear modulus of elasticity, J is the polar moment of inertia of the cross-section, and (dθ/dr) represents the rate of twist along the length of the member.

However, the torsion equation has its limitations. It assumes circular cross-sections, which may not accurately represent the geometry of some structural members. Non-circular cross-sections require more complex calculations using numerical methods or specialized formulas. Additionally, the torsion equation assumes linear elasticity, disregarding material non-linearity, such as plastic deformation. It also assumes small deformations, neglecting cases where the twist angle becomes significant, requiring the consideration of non-linear relationships. Therefore, in practical applications involving non-circular cross-sections, material non-linearity, or large deformations, more advanced analysis techniques and formulas must be employed.

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