In this experiment you will produce t-Butyl chloride from T-Butyl alcohol using HCl as the catalyst

Read the in person procedure and answer the questions with structural formulas whenever a compound is requested.

In person procedure

Place 10 g of t-butyl alcohol into a 150-mL beaker. Add a magnetic stir bar and 50 mL of icecold

concentrated hydrochloric acid. Turn on the stirring motor and stir the mixture for 5 min.

Do not stir too fast. Remove the stir bar and pour the mixture of two liquid layers through a

funnel into a separatory funnel. Allow the mixture to stand until two layers separate. Draw off

(through the stopcock) the lower or aqueous layer into a 400-mL beaker. Wash the crude product

by adding 15 mL of cold water directly to the separatory funnel, then shaking the mixture and

discarding the aqueous layer into the same 400-mL beaker as before. Repeat with 15 mL of 5%

sodium bicarbonate solution (carbon dioxide is evolved in this neutralization, so swirl the liquids

briefly before inserting the stopper and shaking) and again with 15 mL of water, each time

discarding the lower layer into the 400-mL beaker.

Transfer the crude product through the neck of the separatory funnel to a dry 50-mL Erlenmeyer

flask containing 1-2 g of anhydrous calcium chloride. Swirl the mixture until the liquid is clear.

Meanwhile, assemble a distillation apparatus using a 50-mL round-bottom flask. Add the clear,

dry product through a funnel containing a small cotton plug to retain the calcium chloride. Add

the magnetic stir bar and distill. Collect the portion boiling at 48-52 °C in a vial which you have

already weighed empty. Save this product to test with silver nitrate along with the other organic

halides provided.

Waste Disposal

Check the pH of the aqueous solution in the 400-mL beaker. If it is acidic, it must be poured into

the Acid Waste container.

REACTIVITY OF HALIDES TOWARD SILVER NITRATE

Procedure

Place 2 mL of a 2% solution of silver nitrate in ethanol in seven clean, dry test tubes.

Test each of the following organic chlorides: 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, the t-butyl chloride

you just synthesized and distilled, allyl chloride (3-chloropropene), benzyl chloride, and

chlorobenzene. Use a seventh test tube containing only the silver nitrate reagent as a comparison

control.

Add 10 drops of the organic chloride, shake, and record the time required for a silver chloride

precipitate to form. After 5 min, write, "does not react" in your notebook.

Caution

Wear disposable gloves and avoid skin contact with silver nitrate solution. It can form a dark,

hard-to-remove stain. Some compounds (benzyl chloride, allyl chloride) used in this experiment

are lachrymators. Lachrymators cause eye irritation and produce tears. The test solutions that

contain these compounds should be poured into the halogenated waste container, and the test

tubes used for the reactions must be rinsed with acetone.

Waste Disposal

Pour the contents of each test tube into the Halogenated Waste container.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction showing only the major product, under this conditions (HCl catalyst as opposed to H2SO4 or H3PO4)
Write the curved arrow mechanism for this reaction.
What type of mechanism is this?
What is the minor product of the reaction?

This question is requiring a comparison between the bonding in gems and plastic beads, which of course have different natures. Thus, we can conclude that bonding in gems usually ionic because they comprise metal-nonmetal compounds with large electronegativity differences, such as Al₂O₃.

On the other hand, bonding in plastics, in general, tends to be covalent because hydrogen, carbon and oxygen have way similar electronegativities.

In chemistry, the formation of chemical compounds require the appearance of forces able to held atoms together. These forces are called bonds and can be covalent, metallic or ionic depending on the bonding substances. For instance, compounds formed a nonmetal and a metal tend to be ionic, whereas substances formed by two nonmetals tend to be covalent.

In addition, the type of bond defines most of the properties the substance has, thus, ionic bonds lead to solid and molecularly well-defined crystal structures whereas covalent bonds lead to amorphous solids.

In such a way, since gems have gorgeous appearances and are way resistant to high pressures, shear and temperatures, we conclude they have ionic bonds formed between metals and nonmetals.

However, plastic, such as that in plastic beads, will have covalent bonds because it is easily deformed and it is not able to withstand high temperatures, pressures or mechanical shears.

Moreover, the nature of the bonding depends on the electronegativity, which is the tendency an atom has to attract electrons; for that reason, large electronegativity differences lead to the formation of ionic bonds (metals and nonmetals, distant in the periodic table) whereas small differences lead to covalent ones.

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According to stoichiometry and given chemical equation , 3.5  moles zinc nitrate are obtained from 7 .0 moles of silver nitrate.

It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.

Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.

In the given example as 2 moles of silver nitrate give 1 mole of zinc nitrate

∴7 moles of silver nitrate will give 7×1/2=3.5 moles of zinc nitrate.

Thus,  3.5  moles zinc nitrate are obtained from 7 .0 moles of silver nitrate.

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Answer:

Mass = 0.008 g

Explanation:

Given data:

Volume of H₂ = 107 mL

Pressure = 104.8 KPa

Temperature = 30°C

Mass of H₂ present = ?

Solution:

Formula:

The given problem will be solve by using general gas equation,

PV = nRT

P= Pressure

V = volume

n = number of moles

R = general gas constant = 0.0821 atm.L/ mol.K  

T = temperature in kelvin

Now we will convert the units of temperature, pressure and volume.

Temperature  = 30+273 = 303 K

Volume of H₂ = 107 mL (107/1000= 0.107 L)

Pressure = 104.8 KPa (104.8/101 = 1.04 atm)

by putting values,

1.04 atm ×0.107 L = n× 0.0821 atm.L/ mol.K  × 303 K

0.11 atm.L  = n×24.87 atm.L/ mol

n =  0.11 atm.L / 24.87 atm.L/ mol

n = 0.004

Mass of H₂:

Mass = number of moles × molar mass

Mass =   0.004    mol × 2 g/mol

Mass = 0.008 g

Answer:

10^-7.20 or 1×10^-7.20mol.dm^-3

Explanation:

[H3O^+]= -log[H3O^+]

=antilog(-pH)

=antilog(-7.20)

=10^-7.20 mol.dm^-3

Answer:

1.58 x 10^-7 M

Explanation:

Banded iron formations are made of minerals like iron-rich silicates and iron-rich carbonates.

Banded iron is the sedimentary rocks that are formed by the iron-rich contents and iron-rich carbonates and silicates. These minerals are hematite and magnetite.

The organisms that release oxygen are converted into iron oxides underwater, and they form sedimentary rocks like banded iron. The oxides are composed on the ocean floor, and they turn into rocks.

Thus, the correct minerals for banded iron formation are iron-rich silicates and iron-rich carbonates.

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A network firewall is any device that prevents a specific type of information from moving between an untrusted network and a trusted network.

A network firewall is a security device or software that acts as a barrier between an untrusted network (such as the Internet) and a trusted network (such as an internal corporate network). Its primary purpose is to control and monitor the flow of network traffic, allowing or blocking specific types of information based on predefined security rules.

The firewall's main objective is to protect the trusted network from unauthorized access, malicious activities, and potential threats originating from the untrusted network. By examining incoming and outgoing traffic, a firewall can enforce a set of rules to determine which packets of data are allowed to pass through and which are denied.

Here's a detailed explanation of how a network firewall works:

1. Packet Filtering: One of the fundamental techniques used by firewalls is packet filtering. In this approach, the firewall inspects each individual packet of data that enters or leaves the network. It examines the packet's header information, such as source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and protocol type, to make decisions about whether to allow or block the packet. For example, a firewall can be configured to block all incoming traffic on a specific port known to be vulnerable to attacks.

2. Access Control Lists (ACLs): Firewalls use Access Control Lists, which are sets of rules, to determine which packets are permitted and which are denied. These rules can be based on various criteria, including source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, protocol types, and specific keywords or patterns within the packet's payload. Administrators define these rules to match their organization's security policies and requirements.

3. Stateful Inspection: Traditional firewalls use stateful inspection to analyze the context and state of network connections. Instead of examining individual packets in isolation, stateful firewalls maintain information about established connections. They keep track of the state of each connection, including the source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and the current stage of the connection (e.g., established, initiated, or closed). This allows the firewall to make more informed decisions about whether to permit or deny packets based on the overall connection's state.

4. Application Layer Inspection: More advanced firewalls offer application layer inspection, also known as deep packet inspection. These firewalls analyze the content of the packet payload beyond the traditional packet header information. They can inspect the data within the packet, even if it is encrypted, to detect and block specific types of malicious or unauthorized activities. For example, an application layer firewall can identify and block certain file types or detect patterns associated with known malware.

5. Intrusion Detection and Prevention: Some firewalls incorporate intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) capabilities. These systems monitor network traffic for suspicious or malicious activities, such as known attack signatures or behavior patterns. If an intrusion attempt is detected, the firewall can take immediate action to block the traffic and prevent the attack from reaching the trusted network. IDPS functionality enhances the firewall's ability to identify and respond to threats effectively.

By implementing a network firewall, organizations can establish a strong security perimeter, safeguarding their internal networks and sensitive data from unauthorized access, malicious attacks

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Answer:

- The chemical reaction is not balanced. There is two oxygens on the reactant's side while there's only one oxygen on the products side.

- I would not say it's following the law of conservation of mass as it's not a balanced equation.

- To balance this equation, you would need to add the coefficient of '2' to Magnesium (Mg) on the reactants side, and add the coefficient of '2' to the products side.  This would make it so that there's 2 Mg's and 2 O's on both the reactant's side and products side.

edit: I hope this helped you in some way. ^^

Depending on how the changed amino acid functions. A protein's function may be affected replacement of one amino acid but not by the replacement of another, which could result in a complete loss of function.

Alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyr are the non-essential amino acids. Conditional amino acids are a few non-essential acids. They are thus only regarded as necessary when you're ill or even under stress.

Proteins are comprised of substances called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of life. Amino acids are the byproducts of the digestion or breakdown of proteins. Organic molecules are being used by the body to create proteins that aid inside the digestion of meals.

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Answer:

density, is the a substance is its mass per unit volume thats what i wrote in my notebook

Explanation:

The atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon monoxide (CO) is 1:1, and the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO₂) is 2:1.

Firstly, we can analyze the decomposition of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to determine the atomic ratios involved.

Let's denote the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon monoxide as x, and the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon dioxide as y.

According to the given data;

Decomposition of carbon monoxide (CO);

Oxygen produced = 3.36 g

Carbon produced = 2.52 g

We know that the atomic mass of carbon is 12 g/mol, and the atomic mass of oxygen is 16 g/mol. Using these values, we can calculate the number of moles for each element;

Number of moles of oxygen = mass / atomic mass = 3.36 g / 16 g/mol = 0.21 mol

Number of moles of carbon = mass / atomic mass = 2.52 g / 12 g/mol = 0.21 mol

Since the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon monoxide is x, we can write the following equation;

0.21 mol C / (0.21 mol O) = x

Simplifying the equation, we have;

x = 1

Therefore, the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon monoxide is 1:1.

Decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO₂);

Oxygen produced = 9.92 g

Carbon produced = 3.72 g

Following the same calculations as before;

Number of moles of oxygen = mass / atomic mass = 9.92 g / 16 g/mol = 0.62 mol

Number of moles of carbon = mass / atomic mass = 3.72 g / 12 g/mol = 0.31 mol

Since the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon dioxide is y, we can write the following equation;

0.31 mol C / (0.62 mol O) = y

Simplifying the equation, we have;

y = 0.5

Therefore, the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon dioxide is 1:0.5, which can be simplified to 2:1.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Missed this? watch kcv: atomic theory; read section 2.3. you can click on the review link to access the section in your text. carbon and oxygen form both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. when samples of these are decomposed, the carbon monoxide produces 3.36 g of oxygen and 2.52 g of carbon, while the carbon dioxide produces 9.92 g of oxygen and 3.72 g of carbon. Calculate the atomic ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide."--

The concentration of A → products, successive half-lives are observed to be 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0 min for an experiment in which [ A ] 0 = 0.10 M at the following times,

a. 80.0 min = 0.0107 M.

b. 30.0 min = 0.0471 M

To solve this problem, we can use the following equation for a first-order reaction:

ln([A]t/[A]0) = -kt

where [A]t is the concentration of A at time t, [A]0 is the initial concentration of A, k is the rate constant, and t is time.

From the given half-lives, we can find the rate constant k as follows:

k = (0.693/t1/2)

where t1/2 is the half-life.

For the given experiment, we have:

k1 = (0.693/10.0) = 0.0693 \(min^{-1}\)

k2 = (0.693/20.0) = 0.03465 \(min^{-1}\)

k3 = (0.693/40.0) = 0.017325 \(min^{-1}\)

a. To find the concentration of A at 80.0 min:

t = 80.0 min

[A]t = [A]0 × \(e^{(-kt)}\) = 0.10 × \(e^{(-(0.069380.0 + 0.0346580.0 + 0.017325 * 80.0))}\) = 0.0107 M

Therefore, the concentration of A at 80.0 min is 0.0107 M.

b. To find the concentration of A at 30.0 min:

t = 30.0 min

[A]t = [A]0 × \(e^{(-kt)}\) = 0.10 × \(e^{(-(0.069330.0 + 0.0346530.0 + 0.017325 * 30.0)}\)) = 0.0471 M

Therefore, the concentration of A at 30.0 min is 0.0471 M.

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The question is -

For the reaction A → products, successive half-lives are observed to be 10.0, 20.0, and 40.0 min for an experiment in which [ A ] 0 = 0.10 M . Calculate the concentration of A at the following times.

a. 80.0 min

b. 30.0 min

1.134 Grams of NaHCO3 is needed to generate 0.0135 moles of CO2 in this reaction.

Congenital moles, dysplastic nevi, acquired nevi, and spitz nevi are the four most typical kinds of moles. The variations between each are listed below.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaHCO3 and HCl is:

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

We need to calculate the mass of NaHCO3 needed to generate 0.0135 mol CO2.

From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of NaHCO3 reacts with 1 mole of CO2. Therefore, the number of moles of NaHCO3 required to produce 0.0135 moles of CO2 is also 0.0135 mol.

The mass of NaHCO3 required can be calculated using its molar mass:

mass = number of moles × molar mass

mass = 0.0135 mol × 84.01 g/mol

mass = 1.134 g

Therefore, 1.134 grams of NaHCO3 is needed to generate 0.0135 moles of CO2 in this reaction.

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Answer:

Sulfur trioxide

Sulfur trioxide | SO3 - PubChem.

Explanation:

Answer:

It's a Sodium Atom

The words that complete these descriptions are law, hypothesis, and experiment.

In science, a law is a statement that accurately describes the way a natural phenomenon occurs. Due to this, laws are created after testing a hypothesis several times. This matches Jean-Baptiste's proposal because his idea about heat flow has been tested by himself and others multiple times.

Different from a law, a hypothesis only states a possible explanation but this should be tested to become a law. This concept can be applied to Sadi because he only has an idea about heat flow but this has not been tested.

This is a procedure that aims at testing a hypothesis. This concept applies to James because he is carrying out an objective procedure to understand energy and heat.

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Tobacco smoke is not a serious indoor air quality issue

Indoor air quality is a serious concern because most individuals spend a significant amount of their time indoors. Poor indoor air quality can cause a variety of health problems. Pollutants such as particulates, radon, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde can be harmful to one's health and well-being.

Tobacco smoke, on the other hand, is not a serious indoor air quality issue. It can be harmful to your health, but only if you smoke in your home. It's not the same as other indoor air pollutants, which can be present in the air even if you don't smoke.

Therefore, tobacco smoke is not considered a serious indoor air quality issue.

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An adjustable-volume micropipette with a range of 0.5-10 μL would be the most accurate for dispensing 125 μL of solution.

What is the micropipette ?

A micropipette is a precision instrument used to accurately measure and transfer very small volumes of liquid, typically between 0.5 µL and 10 mL. It is commonly used in laboratories to prepare samples for chemical analysis and in medical applications to dispense precise amounts of medication. The micropipette is composed of a plunger, a tip, and a cylinder. The plunger is used to draw liquid into the tip, and the cylinder is used to release the liquid. The micropipette is usually operated using a thumbwheel or a push button that controls the plunger. The tip of the micropipette is designed to fit a range of different sized microtubes, allowing for accurate and repeatable transfer of liquids. The micropipette can be calibrated for accuracy, making it an invaluable tool for laboratories that need precise measurements of liquids.

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Both compound has same one mole of phosphorus.

Phosphorus is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods and can also be obtained as a supplement. It serves several functions in the body. It is an important component of bones, teeth, and cell membranes. It aids in the activation of enzymes and maintains blood pH within a normal range.

Phosphorus is required for the growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells, as well as the production of DNA and RNA, the genetic building blocks. Phosphorus is also required for the proper balance and utilization of other vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D, iodine, magnesium, and zinc.

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Answer:

Significant Figures in 200.0

Result 200.0

Sig Figs 4 (200.0)

Decimals 1 (200.0)

Scientific Notation 2.000 × 102

E-Notation 2.000e+2

Answer:

145°C is allowed

Explanation:

step step by step explanation

Answer.

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only

Explanation:

a. c3H4 methane

b.c3H4.propene

c.c5H8

Explanation

To find the molar mass of sulfur dihydride, you will need to find the sum of all the atomic masses making up sulfur dihydride.

sulfur dihydride is H2S.

Atomic mass of H = 1,00784 u

Atomic mass of S = 32,065 u

Molar mass = (1.00784 x 2) + 32,065 = 34.081 g/mol

Answer

34.081 g/mol

When an element undergoes combustion and loses electrons, the element is oxidized.

Combustion is a type of chemical reaction that involves the rapid combination of a fuel with oxygen to produce heat and light. In this process, the fuel (which is usually a hydrocarbon) undergoes oxidation, meaning it loses electrons to the oxygen atoms. This results in the formation of new compounds, such as carbon dioxide and water.

So, in short, an element that undergoes combustion and loses electrons is oxidized.

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In an experiment on recrystallization, scratching the surface of the flask and adding a seed crystal promote recrystallization involve nucleation sites, inducing crystallization, enhanced purity and control over Crystal size.

In the process of recrystallization, scratching the surface of the flask and adding a seed crystal promote the formation of high-quality crystals by providing nucleation sites and inducing crystallization. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Nucleation Sites: When a solution is cooled during recrystallization, it becomes supersaturated, meaning it contains more solute than it can normally dissolve at that temperature. However, for the solute to come out of the solution and form crystals, it needs a surface or structure to initiate the process, known as a nucleation site. By scratching the surface of the flask or adding a seed crystal, you create these nucleation sites where crystal growth can start. The imperfections or roughness on the flask surface or the seed crystal's structure provide favorable sites for solute particles to aggregate and begin crystal formation.

2. Inducing Crystallization: Once nucleation sites are present, they act as starting points for crystal growth. The seed crystal added to the solution provides a pre-formed crystal structure for the solute particles to align with and grow upon. The lattice structure of the seed crystal serves as a template, guiding the arrangement of solute particles as they come out of the solution. This leads to the growth of well-organized and well-defined crystals.

3. Enhanced Purity: Another advantage of scratching the flask or using a seed crystal is that it promotes the formation of a single, pure crystal. As the solute particles begin to crystallize around the nucleation sites, they tend to join and grow together, reducing the chances of impurities being incorporated into the crystal lattice. This selective growth improves the purity of the resulting crystals, which is essential in many applications, such as in the pharmaceutical or semiconductor industries.

4. Control over Crystal Size: The presence of nucleation sites and seed crystals also allows for control over crystal size. By adjusting factors such as temperature, solvent concentration, and the number of nucleation sites, it is possible to influence the rate of crystal growth.

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Answer:

yo what

Explanation:

Approximately 17 metric tons of chlorine gas should be dissolved in 5 million liters of water to achieve a concentration of 3.4 ppm.

To determine the amount of chlorine gas that should be dissolved in 5 million liters of water to achieve a concentration of 3.4 ppm (parts per million), we need to convert the volume of water into the corresponding mass.

1 liter of water has a mass of approximately 1 kilogram, so 5 million liters of water would have a mass of 5 million kilograms (5 × 10^6 kg).

The concentration of 3.4 ppm means that there are 3.4 parts of chlorine gas for every million parts of water. Therefore, to find the amount of chlorine gas needed, we multiply the concentration by the mass of water:

Amount of chlorine gas = (3.4 ppm) × (5 × 10^6 kg) = 17 × 10^6 g = 17 metric tons.

Thus, to obtain a concentration of 3.4 ppm in 5 million liters of water, approximately 17 metric tons of chlorine gas would need to be dissolved.

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The suitable metals for use as sacrificial anodes to protect against corrosion of underground iron pipes are magnesium, zinc, and aluminum.

These metals have a higher electrochemical potential than iron, which causes them to corrode instead of the iron pipe. This sacrificial corrosion helps protect the iron pipe from further damage. Other metals like copper, silver, and gold are not suitable as sacrificial anodes because they have a lower electrochemical potential than iron, meaning they will not corrode in preference to the iron pipe.

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The dipole-dipole  of intermolecular forces will act between a potassium cation and a chlorine monofluoride molecule.

Intermolecular forces, such as electromagnetic electrostatic interactions that occur between atoms as well as other kinds of nearby particles, such as atoms or ions, mediate interactions between molecules.

Hydrogen bromide (HBr), as well as chlorine monofluoride (ClF), as well as chlorine monofluoride (ClF), would both be highly polar molecules in this situation. Dipole intermolecular forces exist between polar molecules. In comparison to non-polar molecules, polar molecules are much more likely to stick to their atomic neighbors and seem to have higher boiling points. The positive end of one polar molecule would be drawn mostly by the negative end of another polar molecule, but also vice versa.

Therefore, the dipole-dipole of intermolecular forces will act between a potassium cation and a chlorine monofluoride molecule.

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