if queen victoria was a carrier of hemophilia, how many of her sons would you expect to be afflicted with the disease? compare this to how many actually were afflicted. how can you account for this difference?
Answers
If Queen Victoria was a carrier of hemophilia, we would expect approximately half of her sons to be afflicted with the disease. Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder that is carried on the X chromosome.
Since males have one X chromosome and females have two, males are more likely to be affected by the disease if they inherit the defective gene.
Queen Victoria had nine children, and out of those, three of her sons were actually afflicted with hemophilia. This is higher than what would be expected based on the normal ratio.
The difference can be accounted for by the fact that Queen Victoria's sons inherited the defective gene from her. Since hemophilia is a recessive disorder, the sons had to inherit the defective gene from both parents to be affected. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, did not have hemophilia. However, Queen Victoria herself carried the gene and passed it on to her sons.
This means that all of Queen Victoria's sons had a 50% chance of inheriting the gene, and the three sons who were affected were the ones who inherited it from both parents. The higher than expected number of affected sons is a result of chance and the random nature of genetic inheritance.
In conclusion, if Queen Victoria was a carrier of hemophilia, we would expect around half of her sons to be afflicted with the disease. However, in her case, three out of nine sons were actually affected. This difference can be accounted for by the random nature of genetic inheritance and the fact that Queen Victoria passed on the defective gene to her sons.
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Related Questions
what is the best definition of homeostasis?
Answers
Answer:
the homeostasis refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable International environment despite changes in external conditions
Explanation:
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A self-regulating mechanism that keeps biochemical pathways stable while responding to fluctuating or altering environmental circumstances, is considered Homeostasis.It describes how an organism may keep bodily functions that are more or less constant, allowing it to acclimate as well as thrive throughout the face of a changeable as well as the frequently unfriendly external world.
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22. Highlight the correct answer of each underlined pair. UV radiation has shorter longer
wavelengths and
lower/higher energy than visible light and infrared radiation.
Answers
Answer:
shorter and higher
Explanation:
UV is further along in the EM spectrum so has a higher frequency and shorter wavelengths than visible light.
What is the population growth rate from 1850 to 1970?
Answers
At the heart of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation lies the ability to determine whether the ECG waves and intervals are normal. This week we discussed the ECG waves in terms of morphology (appearance), durations and intervals.
(1) Based on the collected data, how one could use frequency analysis to determine the number of heartbeats per minute? Please be as specific as possible.
(2) As a bioengineering, it is important that data is collected and processed such that physicians can determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Inaccurate data collection may lead to a wrong diagnosis. Please describe one specific cardiac abnormality that can be detected via an ECG? How does if differ from a normal ECG reading?
Answers
(1) The frequency analysis is used in the interpretation of ECG to determine the number of heartbeats per minute. This can be done by looking at the R-R interval (the time between two consecutive R waves), calculating the time duration of each R-R interval and then taking its inverse of this time duration. This gives us the frequency of the heartbeats per minute.
(2) One of the cardiac abnormalities that can be detected via ECG is Atrial Fibrillation (AFib). AFib is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria. In a normal ECG reading, the P wave appears before the QRS complex. However, in AFib, there is no discernible P wave. Instead, there are irregular oscillations that replace the P wave. This is called fibrillatory waves. Also, the R-R intervals are irregular in AFib.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple, non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG can help diagnose certain heart conditions, including abnormal heart rhythms and coronary heart disease (heart attack and angina).
Frequency-domain features for ECG beat discrimination using-
A typical ECG signal consists of the P-wave, QRS complexes and T-wave. We convert each QRS complexes to a Fourier spectrum from ECG signals, the spectrum varies with the rhythm origin and conduction path. The variations of power spectrum are observed in the range of 0–20 Hz in the frequency domain. The frequency analysis is used in the interpretation of ECG to determine the number of heartbeats per minute. This can be done by looking at the R-R interval (the time between two consecutive R waves), calculating the time duration of each R-R interval and then taking its inverse of this time duration. This gives us the frequency of the heartbeats per minute.
One of the cardiac abnormalities that can be detected via ECG is Atrial Fibrillation (AFib). AFib is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria. A-fib increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications. In a normal ECG reading, the P wave appears before the QRS complex. However, in AFib, there is no discernible P wave. Instead, there are irregular oscillations that replace the P wave. This is called fibrillatory waves. Also, the R-R intervals are irregular in AFib.
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2 stawberries picked at same time off same plant and left for 3 days in different conditions 1 decayed why
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Even under high temperatures and low relative humidity conditions, storage life is typically short time. Calyx freshness was evaluated on a scale from 0 to 2, zero when calyx shows good quality, one when quality remains acceptable and two if it is no longer acceptable. Storage life is usually brief, even in high temperatures and low ratio conditions, therefore the one strawberry was decayed.
The best time to plant strawberries is within the spring, up to some weeks before the final frost date. You may extend your strawberry crop from late spring to early fall by choosing a variety spread of strawberry types. It takes roughly four weeks for June-bearing types from plant blossoming to fruit picking. Day-neutral and ever-bearing varieties both flower within the spring at roughly the same time and take roughly the same amount of time from flowering to harvest.
Counting on the variety chosen, one strawberry plant will provide 40 to 70 berries throughout the course of the season. This is often equivalent to fruit weighing between 0.7 and 1.4 kilogram’s (1.5 to 3.0 lbs) in weight. They’re perennial, strawberry plants grow year after year. The lifespan of a strawberry plant is roughly six years, however after the primary two years, fruit production noticeably declines.
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which of these are part of the scifitific methood
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What is the difference in the size of the X and Y chromosomes?
Answers
Pick one of the following misconceptions from the list below.
Write a 3 to 5 sentence statement to correct it.
Explain the error in the misconception and provide evidence, examples, or facts to support the correct answer.
If your explanation does not include specific details/facts and is constructed with vague statements, you will not receive points.
Use the information from the lessons to find supporting details.
Misconceptions- Pick ONE
weather and climate are the same thing
cold or unusually cool weather is proof that global warming is not really happening
human activity cannot change climate because the atmosphere and Earth itself are so big
Answers
The burning of fossil fuels, logging of forests, and raising of livestock all have a rising impact on the climate and temperature of the planet. This increases the greenhouse effect it causes global warming atmosphere.
Does the definition of climate and weather overlap?When you go outside on every given day, you encounter the weather. In those other words, it refers to the short-term atmosphere at a certain region. The average of a place's weather patterns over a longer time frame, typically 30 years or more, is called the climate.
How does anthropogenic climate change get destroyed?The amount of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), or cloudiness in the Earth's atmosphere change as a result of human activities, which also contribute to climate change. Burning fossil fuels, which emits carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere, is the largest known contributor.
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Digestion begins when _____.
A. the esophagus passes food to the stomach
B. food enters the small intestine
C. water is absorbed in the large intestine
D. amylase breaks down starch
Answers
Character displacement differs from resource partitioning because character displacement ________.
Answers
Because character displacement is directly linked to the evolution of genotypes that have allowed alternate resource use.
What is resource partitioning ?Asset Apportioning alludes to the division of assets to keep away from interspecific rivalry for restricted assets in a biological system. A transformative variation assists different species with coinciding in an environmental local area.
Asset parceling concentrates on help in deciding the impact of the expansion or expulsion of an animal categories in a specific natural surroundings and the working of a biological system.
In a biological system, life forms require assets, for example, supplements and territories to develop, repeat and live. There are restricted assets present in a territory for which all organic entities contend.
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. RNA is a single stranded molecule
B. RNA contains uracil
C. RNA is found only in the cytoplasm.
D. RNA contains ribose
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
RNA is found mostly in the nucleus but can also be found in the cytoplasm, but it is not limited to it.
Environmental scientists collect air samples so they can test the quality of the air. They start with rigid metal containers that are completely empty the air has been popped out of them. What happens to the pressure inside the container and the volume of the container as air enters it?
Answers
Answer:
The air popped out of the empty rigid metal containers because the pressure inside the container is high.
This is so because as air enters the container it tries to spread out and its volume increases as particles started occupying the empty space. With the occupying volume of particles, the air particles move faster and hit the container harder that increases the pressure inside the container, and air-popped out.
Which structure is responsible for the passage of materials into and out of the cell?
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
It is the cell membrane
The plasma membrane is a boundary of cell responsible for the movement of any substance in and out of the cell, hence a is the correct option.
What is a cell membrane?All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which divides the inside of the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Watery fluid surrounds and fills cells, this liquid facilitates the movement of substances across the cell membrane as well as within and outside the cell.
Some solutes (solids) can pass through cell membranes depending on their nature.
Therefore cell membrane allows the substance to pass into cell and out of the cell, hence option a is correct.
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if the base squence in a portion of a strand of dna is actaagatc what is the base sequence in the strand of mrna transcrbied from this dna
Answers
The base sequence in the strand of mRNA transcribed from this DNA is UGAUUCUAG.
1. Identify the complementary base pairs. Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G). So, the complementary base pairs for each of the DNA bases are: A pairs with T and G pairs with C, TGATTCTAG
2. Transcribe the DNA strand to RNA. Replace each DNA base T with a RNA base U = Uracil. A = U, C = G, G = C, T = U. UGAUUCUAG Therefore, the base sequence in the strand of mRNA transcribed from the given DNA sequence ACTAAGATC is UGAUUCUAG.
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A baby song bird hatches from its egg with both parent songbirds watching what is this an example of
Answers
A baby songbird hatching from its egg with both parent songbirds watching is an example of parental care and vigilance in avian species.
Parental care is a crucial behavior exhibited by many birds to ensure the survival and development of their offspring. It involves various activities, such as nest-building, incubation, and feeding, which collectively contribute to the offspring's well-being.
In this particular instance, the presence of both parent songbirds during hatching demonstrates their attentive and protective nature. Their watchful eyes and proximity provide essential warmth, protection from predators, and guidance for the young bird's initial moments of life. By actively participating in the hatching process, the parent songbirds establish a bond with their offspring and ensure a smooth transition into the world.
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The complete question is:
Fill in the blanks:
A baby song bird hatches from its egg with both parent songbirds watching what is this an example of ________
#1…
#2…
#3…
#4…
#5-…
Answers
Answer:
post it again
Explanation:
two irreversible points in the cell cycle are replication of material and of sister chromatids a called?
Answers
The separation of sister chromatids and DNA replication are the two intransient events in the cell cycle. They are also referred to as commitment points or checkpoints at certain points.
What are the cell cycle's irreversible steps?Three irreversible changes or checkpoints occur in the eukaryotic cell cycle. Low CDK activity in the G1 phase. CDK-cyclinS activity is strong during the S-G2 phase, but CDK-cyclinM activity is low. M phase: There is active CDK-cyclinM.
An irreversible cycle is what?Any irreversible process prevents the system and its surroundings from going back to how they were before. Any natural process is irreversible according to the second rule of thermodynamics.
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Why are indicated gene expression in stem cells versus specialized ( differentiated) cells
Answers
Gene expression in stem cells is more versatile and pluripotent, allowing them to differentiate into various cell types, while specialized cells have specific gene expression patterns that enable them to perform their specialized functions
Gene expression in stem cells and specialized (differentiated) cells differs due to their distinct roles and functions in the body. Stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, whereas specialized cells have already undergone differentiation and acquired specific functions.
In stem cells, gene expression is more pluripotent, meaning a wide range of genes can be activated or repressed to maintain their self-renewal and differentiation potential. This flexibility allows stem cells to respond to different signals and stimuli, enabling them to give rise to different cell lineages during development or tissue regeneration.
On the other hand, specialized cells have undergone a process called cell differentiation, where specific genes are selectively expressed or silenced to establish their specialized functions and morphology. Gene expression in specialized cells is more restricted and specific, as it is essential for the cell to perform its designated role effectively and maintain tissue homeostasis.
The regulation of gene expression in stem cells and specialized cells involves complex molecular mechanisms, including the activation or repression of transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways. These mechanisms ensure the appropriate gene expression patterns in different cell types, allowing for proper development, tissue function, and overall organismal health.
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What is the function of a bacterial chromosomal DNA cell?
Answers
Answer:
Similarly to their eukaryotic counterparts, bacterial chromosomes perform the complex task of efficiently compacting DNA while supporting gene regulation and proper DNA segregation. Chromosomes are thus shaped at multiple scales by a large number of proteins and DNA enzymes
state the name of structure that is present in bacteria cells and in plant cells but absent in animal cell
Answers
Answer:
cell walls
Explanation:
Cell walls
It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. Cell walls are absent in animals but are present in most other eukaryotes including algae, fungi and plants and in most prokaryotes (except mollicute bacteria).
State any four characteristics of living organisms.
Answers
Answer:
animals,humans plants and fungi
The population of bacteria in a jar grows at a rate proportional to the number of bacteria present at time t. Initially the jar has 20 bacteria. After 8 hours, it is observed that 50 bacteria are present. How many bacteria will there be after 72 hours? You need to set up the differential equation and give an explicit solution.
Answers
Answer: Therefore, there will be 15,625 bacteria after 72 hours.
Explanation:
Let N(t) be the number of bacteria at time t. The rate of change of bacteria is proportional to the number of bacteria present, so we have:
dN/dt = kN
where k is the constant of proportionality.
Using the initial condition N(0) = 20, we can solve for k:
N(0) = 20
N(t) = N(0)e^(kt)
50 = 20e^(8k)
ln(50/20) = 8k
k = ln(5/2)/8
Now, we can find N(72):
N(72) = 20e^(72k)
N(72) = 20e^(9ln(5/2))
N(72) = 20(5/2)^9
N(72) = 15625
Therefore, there will be 15,625 bacteria after 72 hours.
During which growth phase do antimicrobial drugs have the greatest inhibitory effect? A) death phase B) stationary phase C) lag phase D) log phase
Answers
Antimicrobial drugs have the greatest inhibitory effect during the log phase of microbial growth.
During the log phase, microorganisms are actively multiplying and dividing at their maximum rate. This phase is characterized by exponential growth, with a rapid increase in the number of viable cells. Antimicrobial drugs target actively growing cells and interfere with essential cellular processes, such as DNA replication, protein synthesis, or cell wall synthesis. As a result, they have the greatest inhibitory effect during this phase, effectively inhibiting the growth and proliferation of the microbial population.
In contrast, during the stationary phase, microbial growth rate decreases, and the number of viable cells reaches a plateau. In this phase, the antimicrobial drugs may have reduced efficacy as they primarily target actively dividing cells. Similarly, in the death phase, the number of viable cells declines as they undergo cell death. Antimicrobial drugs may have limited effectiveness during this phase as the population is already in the process of dying off. The lag phase, which occurs before active growth, is characterized by minimal or no cell division, making antimicrobial drugs less effective during this phase.
In summary, antimicrobial drugs have the greatest inhibitory effect during the log phase of microbial growth when the microorganisms are actively multiplying. Targeting cells in this phase allows for more effective control of the microbial population and inhibition of their growth.
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HELP DUE in 10 MINS! The Calvin Cycle takes place in which area?
A
B
C
Answers
reptile respiratory organs
Answers
Answer:
Respiratory System. All reptiles breathe through their lungs. The reptile lung has a much greater surface area for the exchange of gases than the lungs of amphibians. Many reptiles' lungs have little sacs called alveoli, across which gas is exchanged.
Explanation:
explain what is bile (components), where is it made, stored, released into and what contributes to the yellow color
Answers
A dark-green to yellowish-brown fluid called bile or gall, which is produced by the liver of most vertebrates, helps the small intestine breakdown fats. Bile is continuously created by the liver in humans (liver bile), and it is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. This bile is released into the duodenum after a meal.
What about bile?The liver produces and secretes a fluid called bile, which is then kept in the gallbladder for later use. Digestion is aided by bile. It transforms lipids into fatty acids that the digestive system can absorb and use as fuel.A physiological aqueous fluid called bile is created and secreted by the liver. Bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, conjugated bilirubin, electrolytes, and water make up the majority of it. Through a network of ducts, bile eventually leaves the liver through the common hepatic duct.Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) ache in the abdomen, especially in the upper right side under the ribs. Sickness or vomiting appetite decrease, which may lead to weight reduction.The liver produces and secretes bile, a greenish-yellow liquid that is then kept in the gallbladder for later use. By converting fats into fatty acids, it assists in the digestion of meals and liquids.Learn more about Bile here:
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rt and his friends spent $62 at the movies. Admission tickets cost $12 apiece, and a bucket of popcorn costs $7. Which equation written in standard form represents the number of tickets bought, t, and the number of buckets of popcorn bought, p?
12p + 7t = 62
7p + 12t = 62
12p = 62 – 7t
7p = 62 – 12t
Answers
Answer:
7p + 12t = 62
Explanation:
rt and his friends spent $62 at the movies
tickets (t) are $12 a piece
popcorn (p) is $7 a bucket
9. Nulceus
(1 Point)
O plant
O animal
O both
10. Vacuole
(1 Point)
O plant
O animal
O both
Answers
Answer:
1. Both2. Both
Hope this helps!
If you need to drive from Dallas, Texas, to Salt Lake City, Utah, (about 1500 miles), and the speed limit is 60 mph most of the way, what is the least amount of time you will need?
Answers
Answer:
25 hours
Explanation:
Speed is a measure of the distance traveled by a body relative to the time taken to complete a trip or a journey. Mathematically, speed can be expressed as;
speed = distance/time
Hence, time = distance/speed
The distance covering Dallas, Texas, to Salt Lake City, Utah is about 1500 miles and the speed limit is 60 mph, hence;
time = 1500/60
= 25 hours
Therefore, the least amount of time that would be needed to cover the journey is 25 hours.
Answer:
25 hours is your answer
Explanation:
As they were adapting to life on land, plants evolved openings in their otherwise impermeable surfaces, which facilitate gas exchange and prevent water loss. These openings are called
Answers
The openings in plants that facilitate gas exchange and prevent water loss are called stomata (singular: stoma).
Stomata are small pores found primarily on the surfaces of leaves, although they can also occur on stems and other plant parts. They play a crucial role in the exchange of gases, including the intake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen (O2) and water vapor (H2O) as byproducts.
Stomata are surrounded by two specialized cells known as guard cells. These cells can change their shape to open or close the stomatal pore. When the guard cells are turgid (swollen with water), they create an opening, allowing for gas exchange and transpiration (the loss of water vapor). Conversely, when the guard cells become flaccid (deflated), they close the stomatal pore, reducing water loss.
The regulation of stomatal opening and closing is influenced by various factors, including light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, humidity, and plant hormone signals. This dynamic control allows plants to optimize their gas exchange and water balance according to environmental conditions.
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