(i) Explain how Amdahl's Law and Gustafson's Law applies to parallel processing. [2 marks] (ii) Why Amdahl's Law appears to put a limit on parallel processing effectiveness. Explain how Gustafson's Law can act as a counter-argument to it. [4 Marks]
Answers
(i) Amdahl's Law and Gustafson's Law are two principles that apply to parallel processing. Amdahl's Law focuses on the limit of speedup that can be achieved by parallelizing a program, taking into account the portion of the program that cannot be parallelized. Gustafson's Law, on the other hand, emphasizes scaling the problem size with the available resources to achieve better performance in parallel processing.
(ii) Amdahl's Law appears to limit the effectiveness of parallel processing because it suggests that the overall speedup is limited by the sequential portion of the program. As the number of processors increases, the impact of the sequential portion becomes more significant, limiting the potential speedup. However, Gustafson's Law counters this argument by considering a different perspective. It argues that by scaling the problem size, the relative overhead of the sequential portion decreases, allowing for a larger portion of the program to be parallelized. Therefore, Gustafson's Law suggests that as the problem size grows, the potential for speedup increases, effectively challenging the limitations imposed by Amdahl's Law.
(i) Amdahl's Law states that the overall speedup of a program running on multiple processors is limited by the portion of the program that cannot be parallelized. This law emphasizes the importance of identifying and optimizing the sequential parts of the program to achieve better performance in parallel processing. It provides a formula to calculate the maximum speedup based on the parallel fraction of the program and the number of processors.
(ii) Amdahl's Law appears to put a limit on parallel processing effectiveness because, as the number of processors increases, the impact of the sequential portion on the overall execution time becomes more pronounced. Even if the parallel portion is perfectly scalable, the sequential portion acts as a bottleneck and limits the potential speedup. However, Gustafson's Law challenges this limitation by considering a different perspective. It suggests that by increasing the problem size along with the available resources, the relative overhead of the sequential portion decreases. As a result, a larger portion of the program can be parallelized, leading to better performance. Gustafson's Law focuses on scaling the problem size rather than relying solely on the parallel fraction, offering a counter-argument to the limitations imposed by Amdahl's Law.
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(i) Amdahl's Law and Gustafson's Law are two principles that apply to parallel processing. Amdahl's Law focuses on the limit of speedup that can be achieved by parallelizing a program, taking into account the portion of the program that cannot be parallelized. Gustafson's Law, on the other hand, emphasizes scaling the problem size with the available resources to achieve better performance in parallel processing.
(ii) Amdahl's Law appears to limit the effectiveness of parallel processing because it suggests that the overall speedup is limited by the sequential portion of the program. As the number of processors increases, the impact of the sequential portion becomes more significant, limiting the potential speedup. However, Gustafson's Law counters this argument by considering a different perspective. It argues that by scaling the problem size, the relative overhead of the sequential portion decreases, allowing for a larger portion of the program to be parallelized. Therefore, Gustafson's Law suggests that as the problem size grows, the potential for speedup increases, effectively challenging the limitations imposed by Amdahl's Law.
(i) Amdahl's Law states that the overall speedup of a program running on multiple processors is limited by the portion of the program that cannot be parallelized. This law emphasizes the importance of identifying and optimizing the sequential parts of the program to achieve better performance in parallel processing. It provides a formula to calculate the maximum speedup based on the parallel fraction of the program and the number of processors.
(ii) Amdahl's Law appears to put a limit on parallel processing effectiveness because, as the number of processors increases, the impact of the sequential portion on the overall execution time becomes more pronounced. Even if the parallel portion is perfectly scalable, the sequential portion acts as a bottleneck and limits the potential speedup. However, Gustafson's Law challenges this limitation by considering a different perspective. It suggests that by increasing the problem size along with the available resources, the relative overhead of the sequential portion decreases. As a result, a larger portion of the program can be parallelized, leading to better performance. Gustafson's Law focuses on scaling the problem size rather than relying solely on the parallel fraction, offering a counter-argument to the limitations imposed by Amdahl's Law.
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Related Questions
3.5-7 TCP Flow Control. True or False: with TCP flow control mechanism, where the receiver tells the sender how much free buffer space it has (and the sender always limits the amount of outstanding, unACKed, in-flight data to less than this amount), it is not possible for the sender to send more data than the receiver has room to buffer.
Answers
The given statement is True. TCP is a protocol which is used to transfer data reliably over a network. The data transfer over TCP is called a connection. TCP uses flow control mechanism which is essential for reliable transmission of data.
In flow control, the receiver tells the sender about the free buffer space it has and the sender always limits the amount of outstanding, unACKed, in-flight data to less than this amount, it is not possible for the sender to send more data than the receiver has room to buffer.So, with TCP flow control mechanism, it is not possible for the sender to send more data than the receiver has room to buffer.The TCP uses the sliding window algorithm to perform flow control. The sliding window algorithm works on the receiver end.
The receiver sends a window size (n) to the sender, telling how many packets (n) it can receive at a time. The sender then sends up to n packets and waits for an acknowledgement for these n packets before sending more packets.The flow control mechanism used in TCP allows the receiver to control the flow of data from the sender. The receiver controls the amount of data that can be sent by the sender, preventing the receiver from being overwhelmed with too much data.
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maya and darius are using the software development life cycle to develop a career interest app. they wrote the program pseudocode and have a mock-up of how the software will look and how it should run. all their work at this step has been recorded in a design document. what should the team do next?
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The SDLC is divided into five phases: inception, design, implementation, maintenance, and audit or disposal, which includes a risk management plan evaluation.
Agile SDLC is one of the most widely used software development methodologies. This is so dependable that some firms are adopting it for non-software tasks as well. All jobs are broken down into short time spans and completed in iterations. The seventh phase of SDLC is maintenance, which is responsible for the developed product. The programmed is updated on a regular basis in response to changes in the user end environment or technology. The RAD Model is divided into five phases: business modelling, data modelling, process modelling, application production, and testing and turnover. The spiral approach allows for progressive product launches and refining at each phase of the spiral, as well as the option to produce prototypes at each level. The model's most essential characteristic is its capacity to handle unexpected risks once the project has begun; developing a prototype makes this possible.
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Please help as soon as possible please need to turn it in
Answers
Answer:
4 is true , 5 I think it's A and number 6 is false
A modem converts original ________ signals to ________ signals that can travel down the telephone system.
Answers
A modem converts original analog signals to digital signals that can travel down the telephone system.
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that transforms digital signals into analog signals. It enables data transmission via analog telephone lines, which were designed for voice communications, by transforming data from computers or other digital devices into analog signals that can be transmitted over these lines. A modem then transforms the received analog signals back into digital signals, which can then be processed by the computer. Modems are used by both personal and corporate users to connect to the internet, as well as for remote access to systems and services. They are used for many purposes, including high-speed broadband internet access, remote device control, file transfers, and online gaming.
The primary purpose of a modem is to convert digital signals into analog signals so that they can be transmitted over the phone line. This is accomplished by modulating a carrier signal to represent digital bits. A modem is also in charge of demodulating received analog signals back into digital bits. This enables a computer to communicate with another computer via a telephone line.
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What section of the Game Design Document features a brief two-to-three sentence snapshot of what the game is all about that makes the game sound appealing? A. purpose B. title C. description D. audience
Answers
The section of the Game Design Document features a brief two-to-three sentence snapshot of what the game is all about that makes the game sound appealing is option C. description.
What does establishing a game design document serve?The GDD has served as an industry standard for many years with the goal of giving everyone involved in the game design process a shared vision. It is a very descriptive, dynamic text that was produced by working together with designers, programmers, and artists.
Note that A pitch, concept paper, proposal, or game proposal is a condensed document that outlines the selling elements of a game and explains why it would be lucrative to produce it, hence it falls under description.
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Answer:
your option would be c
Explanation:
I need help to solve the Assigment 7 in Project STEM of the Calendar, here is my code, what do I need to do for the rest of the code?
Answers
With regard to the above prompt, the code in Phyton that fits the required criteria is given as follows:
# function to check if a year is a leap year
def leap_year(year):
if year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0):
return True
else:
return False
# function to calculate the number of days in a given month
def number_of_days(month, year):
days_in_month = [31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31]
if month == 2 and leap_year(year):
return 29
else:
return days_in_month[month-1]
# function to calculate the number of days passed in the given year
def days_passed(day, month, year):
days = 0
for m in range(1, month):
days += number_of_days(m, year)
days += day - 1
return days
# main program
print("Please enter a date")
day = int(input("Day: "))
month = int(input("Month: "))
year = int(input("Year: "))
print("Menu:")
print("1) Calculate the number of days in the given month.")
print("2) Calculate the number of days passed in the given year.")
choice = int(input("Please enter your choice (1 or 2): "))
if choice == 1:
print("Number of days in the given month:", number_of_days(month, year))
elif choice == 2:
print("Number of days passed in the given year:", days_passed(day, month, year))
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please enter 1 or 2.")
What is the rationale for the function of the above code?In this code, the leap_year() function takes a year as input, returns True if it is a leap year, and False otherwise. The number_of_days() function takes a month and year as input and returns the number of days in the given month, taking into account leap years.
The days_passed() function takes a day, month, and year as input and returns the number of days passed in the given year up to the given date.
The main program prompts the user to enter a date, displays a menu of choices, and based on the user's choice, calls the appropriate function to calculate the desired information.
See the attached image showing the compiled code.
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select the ess product that provides a high level overview of the total number of installed applications, running services and ports for your managed systems?
Answers
The ESS product that provides a high-level overview of the total number of installed applications, running services, and ports for your managed systems is ESS Data Protection.
What is Data Protection ?Data protection is a set of practices and technologies designed to protect sensitive and confidential data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, destruction, or modification. It involves protecting data from any kind of malicious attack, accidental damage, or other malicious activities. Data protection also involves measures to ensure the security and privacy of data, including encryption, access control, and other security protocols.
This product provides a comprehensive view of the security posture of your systems, including system-level information about installed applications, running services, and open ports. It also provides detailed reports on security threats and vulnerabilities, as well as real-time alerts and notifications. This allows you to quickly identify and respond to potential security threats and ensure your systems are secure and up-to-date.
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How do I send the face to the back? Seriously, I can't find out how...
Answers
Answer:
i think you can layer it :)
Explanation:
nice drawing btw!
The best way to get clarification from someone is by
Answers
Answer:
Admit that you are unsure about what the speaker means.
Ask for repetition.
Thinking carefully about a speaker's reasoning and purpose can help you _____ that speaker's message. In other words, you consider the message and decide whether it is believable.
Answers
Thinking carefully about a speaker's reasoning and purpose can help you comprehend (understand) that speaker's message. In other words, you consider the message and decide whether it is believable.
What do you think is the purpose of the speakers in their speech?Making sense of the world around us is referred to as reasoning. A communication must be evaluated during critical listening in order to be accepted or rejected. Critical listening can be practiced while listening to a sales pitch.
Speakers must provide proof to back up their claims in order to be convincing. Listeners who pay close attention are wary of assertions and generalizations. When the speaker is not regarded as an authority on the subject of the speech, strong evidence is especially crucial.
Therefore, When communicating, speakers aim to achieve both broad and detailed goals. There are two main goals for speaking in college and beyond: to inform or to persuade. There is no clear distinction between the two; many talks will combine elements of both.
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Complete the missing part of the line to allow you to read the contents of the file.
inFile = ____ ('pets.txt','r')
Answers
Answer: Sorry I’m late but the answer is open
Explanation: Edge 2021
The missing part of the line allows you to read the contents of the file. inFile = Open ('pets.txt','r').
What is the file format?The term file format refers to that, A standard way the information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free.
The file format is the structure of that file, Which runs a program and displays the contents. As there are many examples like a Microsoft Word document saved in the. DOC file format is best viewed in Microsoft Word. Even if another program can open the file.
Therefore, By the File format allows you to read content and can open up the file format.
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You want to identify the traffic that is generated and sent through a network by a specific application on a device. which tool should you use?
Answers
The tool should you use is Protocol analyzer. A network protocol analyzer is a tool that monitors and analyzes data traffic as it travels across communication channels.
What is protocol analyzer used for?A network protocol analyzer is a tool that monitors and analyzes data traffic as it travels across communication channels. Protocol analyzers are tools that allow IT administrators and security teams to capture and analyze network traffic in order to identify problems or potential malicious activity. For example, a laptop running Wireshark, a free open source network protocol analyzer, can be used ad hoc to analyze packets to determine why a particular web server is running slowly. A network or protocol analyzer, also known as a packet sniffer or simply a sniffer1, is a tool that can intercept network traffic, which is referred to as sniffing.The tool should you utilize exists Protocol analyzer. A network protocol analyzer exists a tool that monitors and examines data traffic as it travels across communication channels.To learn more about Protocol analyzer, refer to:
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A file organization where files are not stored in any particular order is considered a:_________
a. multi-indexed file organization.
b. hash key.
c. hashed file organization.
d. heap file organization.
Answers
Explanation:
a.multi-indexed file organization
Hi. I want to know how to download themes or templates for PowerPoint for religious purposes (if I need to make a presentation on religions)? Any suggested websites??
Answers
When protecting a book
You are not able to add a new sheet to the book, delete an existing sheet, or modify the title of the sheet.
true
false ??
Answers
a customer willl borrow
Answers
Answer: C. the PC
Explanation: The motherboard is not included in the passage
PYTHON
How can I make a algorithm in python that finds how many numbers are in a row in a list?
For example:
Input:
List = [0,1,1,1,0]
num = 1
Output:
3
Answers
Answer:
This is one of the efficient ways to find the number of occurrences of a given number in a list:
def find_num(arr,n): return len([count for count in arr if count == n])print(find_num([0,1,1,1,0],1))If you want a simpler version, you can try this:
def find_num(arr,n): count = 0 for i in range(len(arr)): if arr[i]==n: count += 1 return countprint(find_num([0,1,1,1,0],1))This is the simplest method:
arr = [0,1,1,1,0]print(arr.count(1))I think I gave you enough examples. This should get you started off easily.
If you need an explanation, I am happy to help you. BTW I started python 6 months back so even I am pretty new to this.
True or False, A variable can be called or referenced before it has been defined.
Answers
Answer:
false?
Explanation:
im 99% sure
What is the correct order or a technological system?
A Input, Output, Process
B Output, Process, Input
C Input, Process, Output
D Process, Resources, Output
POV : the topic is fcm aka family consumer management i don't see any topic for that so i put a different one plz help
Answers
Answer
C
Explanation:
In a system you have to send on input data, then the application processes it and then it returns your output
A large part of Kelly's job with a software development company is to monitor the servers to ensure that they are not overloaded by the computers that are connected to them. Kelly holds the position of __________ in the organization. Infrastructure Manager Database Administrator Support Analyst Network Administrator
Answers
Kelly holds the position of Network Administrator in the software development company.
As a Network Administrator, Kelly is responsible for monitoring and managing the company's network infrastructure, including the servers. One of Kelly's key responsibilities is to ensure that the servers are not overloaded by the computers connected to them.
In this role, Kelly is tasked with implementing and maintaining network security measures, troubleshooting network issues, and optimizing network performance.
Kelly monitors network traffic and server performance to identify potential bottlenecks or signs of overload. By analyzing network usage patterns and implementing appropriate network management techniques, Kelly ensures that the servers operate smoothly and efficiently.
Furthermore, Kelly collaborates with other IT professionals, such as system administrators and database administrators, to ensure the overall stability and reliability of the company's infrastructure.
Kelly may also participate in the planning and implementation of network upgrades and expansions to support the growing needs of the organization.
Overall, as a Network Administrator, Kelly plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability, performance, and security of the company's network infrastructure, specifically focusing on preventing server overload caused by connected computers.
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I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST TO WHO ANSWERS FIRST AND CORRECTLY.
All slides in a presentation must use the same transition.
True
False
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation:
what are the tyoe of typical application of mainframe computer
Answers
Explanation:
customer order processingfinancial transactions production and inventory control payrollhope it is helpful to you
How to you convert (both positive and negative integers) denary to Two’s complement and vice versa?
Answers
Answer:
To convert from decimal to binary, one approach is to repeatedly divide by 2 as integer division and write down the remainders from right to left:
example: convert 26 to binary
26 / 2 = 13, no remainder => write down 0
13 / 2 = 6, remainder 1 => write down 1
6 / 2 = 3, no remainder => write down 0
3 / 2 = 1, remainder 1 => write down 1
1 / 2 = 0, remainder 1 => write down 1
So 11010 is your result.
For 2's complement, you have to consider youre entire word size. Let's say you have 8 bit representations, then 11010 is really 00011010.
To get the 2's complement, you invert the binary represenation and add 1:
00011010 => 11100101
11100101 + 1 = 11100110 (understand binary addition for this)
So 11100110 is the binary representation of -26.
You can do this entire sequence in reverse, i.e. subtract one, invert and then go back to the decimal representation:
11010 in decimal is 1·2⁴ + 1·2³+ 0·2²+ 1·2¹+ 0·2⁰ = 26
giúp tớ với ạ :( tớ cảm ơn
Answers
\( \huge\green{here \: is \: your \: answer}\)
\( \huge\green{here \: is \: your \: answer}\)
\( \huge\green{here \: is \: your \: answer}\)
Do you think tracking your screen time will reduce your usage? Why or Why not?
Have a Good day
Answers
Answer:
I dont think it will help much
Explanation:
Well, just tracking it will not necessarily make you stop. I would recommend putting app limits or downtime (if you have a mac). Also make a log. Write down how much time you need for different things, like 1 hour of free time, 5 hours of schoolwork. Also, make a schedule based off the things you put on your log.
I found doing this helped me reduce my time on screen and made me more productive.
1)Which tool can you use to find duplicates in Excel?
Select an answer:
a. Flash Fill
b. VLOOKUP
c. Conditional Formatting
d. Concatenation
2)What does Power Query use to change to what it determines is the appropriate data type?
Select an answer:
a.the headers
b. the first real row of data
c. data in the formula bar
3)Combining the definitions of three words describes a data analyst. What are the three words?
Select an answer:
a. analysis, analyze, and technology
b. data, programs, and analysis
c. analyze, data, and programs
d. data, analysis, and analyze
Answers
The tool that you can use to find duplicates in Excel is c. Conditional Formatting
b. the first real row of datac. analyze, data, and programsWhat is Conditional Formatting?Excel makes use of Conditional Formatting as a means to identify duplicate records. Users can utilize this feature to identify cells or ranges that satisfy specific criteria, like possessing repetitive values, by highlighting them.
Using conditional formatting rules makes it effortless to spot repeated values and set them apart visually from the other information. This function enables users to swiftly identify and handle identical records within their Excel worksheets, useful for activities like data examination and sanitation.
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i) Specify a short snippet of a program code that employs the construct from
Part A, indicating the Best Case and Worst Case complexities of the code snippet.
[10
Marks]
ii) Discuss the C
Answers
The main request is to provide a code snippet and discuss the complexities, along with discussing the term "C" (which requires clarification).
What is the main request in the given paragraph?i) The first part requests a short snippet of program code that utilizes the construct mentioned in Part A, along with specifying the best case and worst case complexities of the code snippet.
However, without knowing the details of Part A or the specific construct being referred to, it is not possible to provide a relevant code snippet or determine the complexities.
ii) The second part mentions "Discuss the C," but it is unclear what exactly is meant by "Discuss the C." Without further context or clarification, it is difficult to provide an explanation or discussion regarding this request.
In summary, the paragraph lacks specific information and details required to provide a comprehensive explanation or response.
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________ are storage drives that contain both solid-state storage and hard disks in an attempt to gain the speed and power benefits of SSDs while still having the low cost and large capacity of hard drives.
Answers
Explanation
This is the name for the two drives mixed together. I have one in my pc and it works pretty well.
The storage drives that contain both solid-state storage and hard disks in an attempt to gain the speed and power benefits of SSDs while still having the low cost and large capacity of hard drives are called as Hybrid drives.
What is drive?Drive provides a storage space and speed for processing the data in the drive on the personal computers or laptops at low cost.
There are two types of drives- Solid state hard drives and Hard disks.
So, the combination of both the drives is named as Hybrid drives containing features of large space as well as higher processing speed.
Thus, Hybrid drives are storage drives that contain both solid-state storage and hard disks in an attempt to gain the speed and power benefits of SSDs while still having the low cost and large capacity of hard drives.
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You purchased a copy of Window 10 Pro for Workstations from a Microsoft reseller. You need to activate the software. Which methods would you use?
Answers
You should activate the license over the Internet or put a call to Microsoft.
What is an operating system?An operating system (OS) can be defined as a system software that's usually pre-installed on a computing device by the manufacturers, so as to manage random access memory (RAM), software programs, computer hardware and all user processes.
What is a software license?A software license can be defined as a formal agreement between an end user (customer) and the owner of a software program or software developer, that allows him or her to perform certain tasks with the software application (program).
The methods you could use to activate the Window 10 Pro operating system (OS) are:
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Jason works for a restaurant that serves only organic, local produce. What
trend is this business following?
Answers
Answer: Green business
Explanation:
Green business is also referred to as the sustainable business, and it's a business which has a minimal negative impact on the environment.
Green industry businesses aim to use little energy, water, and other resources while cutting carbon emissions. The resources that are used are utilized in eco-friendly ways.
Since Jason works for a restaurant that serves only organic, local produce, the business can said to be a green business.