explain how this arrangement allows chloroplasts to generate a larger proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane than mitochondria can generate across the inner membrane.
Answers
Because chloroplasts have smaller compartments where hydrogen ions are pumped, they create a bigger proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane than mitochondria can across the inner membrane.
The light-induced -proton gradient is required for ATP production across thylakoid membranes. Proton pumping into the thylakoid lumen results in an alkaline stromal pH, which is essential for complete activation of pH-dependent Calvin Benson cycle enzymes.
The chemiosmotic theory describes how ATP is created in chloroplasts. ATP production is connected to the formation of a proton gradient across the membrane of the chloroplast thylakoid, with proton buildup occurring on the inside of the membrane, in the lumen.
Learn more about to thylakoid visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/13050631
#SPJ4
Related Questions
What is the main function of the endoplasmic, reticulum, nucleus, Golgi body, and ribosomes?
Answers
Answer: Nucleus holds DNA which has the instructions for making protein, ribosomes make the protein with those instructions, Rough Endoplasmic reticulum modifies those proteins( that's why it has ribosomes attached) the Golgi exports those proteins to where they are needed. All needed for the protein production and usage process.
A scientist is observing an organism under the microscope. The organism was found in salt water, is multicellular, and its cells do not have nuclei. What is most likely true about the organism based on this information?
Answers
Answer:
I think the options should be:
It is a protist because it is microscopic.
It is not a protist because its cells do not have nuclei.
It is not a protist because it is multicellular.
It is a protist because it is found in salt water.
If correct, then the answer is option B
Explanation:
The above information about the organism can confirm that the organism is not a protist because it does not possess nuclei. It could be a prokaryote but these are not multicellular but can only be under the condition that maybe each prokaryotic cell aggregates and exist as a colony.
Answer:
the answer is its a protis bc its microscopic .
Explanation:
pls mark me brainlist
In which type of cells would you find a permanent (Sap)vacuole: a plant or a animal cell
Answers
Answer:
The answer is plant cells they would be the type of cells you would find a permanent. an animal cell would not have that.
Explanation:
The reason plant is the answer is because plant cells contain a cell wall made of cellulose to strengthen the cell. They also have a permanent vacuole which is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.
The reason why animal cells don't have a permanent is because Animal cells may have more than one vacuole, and they are smaller than a plant cell's. Vacuoles are used to store materials in the cell that may be used by the cell or wastes that must be moved out of the cell.
Hope this helps hope this is rightBrainliest plzAsk me questions
A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle will yield1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2.1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH2.1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH2.2 ATP, 3 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
Answers
A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle will yield 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle, involves a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. These reactions lead to the production of ATP and electron carriers such as NADH and FADH2, which are vital for cellular energy production through oxidative phosphorylation.
During one complete cycle of the Krebs cycle, which starts with the entry of acetyl-CoA, the following compounds are generated:
3 NADH: The Krebs cycle generates three molecules of NADH. NADH is a high-energy electron carrier that carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria. NADH is later oxidized in the ETC, leading to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
1 FADH2: The Krebs cycle produces one molecule of FADH2. Similar to NADH, FADH2 is an electron carrier that transfers electrons to the ETC. FADH2 provides electrons at a later stage in the ETC compared to NADH, resulting in a slightly lower yield of ATP.
1 ATP: Through substrate-level phosphorylation, one molecule of ATP is directly synthesized during the Krebs cycle. This ATP is generated by the transfer of a high-energy phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate molecule.
Based on the above information, the correct answer is: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. This reflects the ATP directly produced during the Krebs cycle and the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that are generated and subsequently participate in the ETC, leading to the production of additional ATP molecules through oxidative phosphorylation.
To know more about Krebs cycle, refer to the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/13153590#
#SPJ11
The word “endospore” comes from two parts: “endo” and “spore.” if “endo” means inside and “spore” means dormant structure, why is endospore an appropriate name?
(16pts)
Answers
Answer:
The term "endospore" is appropriate because it accurately describes the nature and function of the structure it represents. The word "endo" means inside, indicating that the spore is located within something. In this case, it refers to the spore being located inside a bacterial cell.
The term "spore" refers to a dormant structure that is capable of surviving harsh conditions and can later develop into a new organism under favourable circumstances. In the case of endospores, they are specialized structures formed by certain bacteria to withstand unfavourable environmental conditions such as extreme heat, desiccation, or exposure to chemicals or radiation.
Endospores are formed inside bacterial cells as a survival mechanism. When conditions become unfavourable, the bacterial cell undergoes a process called sporulation, during which it transforms into an endospore. The endospore encapsulates the genetic material and essential components of the bacterium, protecting them from damage or destruction.
By combining the terms "endo" and "spore," the word "endospore" effectively conveys that it is a dormant structure located inside a bacterial cell, designed to ensure the survival of the bacterium in harsh environments. It accurately describes the nature and purpose of this specialized form of bacterial adaptation.
Explanation:
Within the food web provided, look at all the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factorsHow do they work together to create an ecosystem?
Answers
Biotic factors in an ecosystem are the living organisms or the participants in the foob web. They count on each other for their survival. The biotic factors in the foob web provided are the producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic factors in an ecosystem are rocks, soil, and water that collaborate with biotic factors to provide them with the nutrients they needed to survive. Sunlight, air, soil, and minerals are also examples of abiotic factors. Sunlight gives energy so that plants may use them i order to grow. This ultimately holds up the whole community of an ecosystem. Air also connects with plants to help them grow by providing an origin of CO2 and other nutrients.
Usefulness of biotechnology?
Answers
species I
species II
species III
species IV
Answers
Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body, how many pairs are homologous?
A. 23
B. 22
Answers
Answer:
B. 22
Explanation:
Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, but there are only 22 pairs of homologous autosomal chromosomes
Thymine makes up 32% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA. What percentage of nucleotides is guanine?
16%
18%
32%
36%
Answers
18 %
T= A = 32%
G= C =x
So :-
T+A+G+ C = 100%
32+32+x+x = 100%
64+2x=100%
2x=100-64
2x = 36
x= 18%
you conduct a case/control study comparing the frequency of a single snp (with alleles c and t) among individuals who have developed high blood pressure as compared with control individuals of a similar age who show no sign of this condition. you obtain the following results: cases controls c 1025 725 t 902 922 calculate the allelic odds ratio for the risk allele. give your answer rounded to two decimal places. (also think about what the allelic odds ratio mean about a person's chance of developing high blood pressure.)
Answers
A case-control study is a type of observational study that compares individuals with a specific disease or outcome with those who do not have the disease or outcome. It is a retrospective study design that is used to identify risk factors and determine the cause of a disease.
In this question, we have to calculate the allelic odds ratio for the risk allele (c) in high blood pressure. The allelic odds ratio is calculated by dividing the odds of developing high blood pressure for individuals with the c allele by the odds of developing high blood pressure for individuals without the c allele. The odds ratio is a measure of the strength of the association between an exposure and an outcome.
The frequency of the c allele in the cases is (1025 × 2 + 902) / (1025 + 902 + 725 + 922) = 0.559.
The frequency of the c allele in the controls is (725 × 2 + 922) / (1025 + 902 + 725 + 922) = 0.441.
The odds of developing high blood pressure for individuals with the c allele is (1025 / 725) / (902 / 922) = 1.39.
The odds of developing high blood pressure for individuals without the c allele is (1 / 1) / (0.988 / 1.012) = 1.02.
The allelic odds ratio for the risk allele is 1.39 / 1.02 = 1.36 (rounded to two decimal places).
A person with the c allele has 1.36 times higher odds of developing high blood pressure than a person without the c allele.
To know more about high blood pressure
https://brainly.com/question/26093747
#SPJ11
Which one of the following statements is true?
A. Soil is composed of 4 components: water, eroded rock, air, and living organisms
B. Water cannot move easily through the small, flat particles of clay.
C. Liming increases the porosity of soil, leading to reduced waterlogging.
D. Charles Darwin discovered how soil is formed by the weathering of rocks.
Answers
please help i’ll give brainliest
Answers
Answer:
grasshopper and rabbit
Explanation:
(Picture included) The student investigated the movement of water through plants. The plants were covered with clear plastic to capture any water released into the air. The plants received the same amount of water and sunlight.
Which conclusion is supported by these data?
- Leaves contain cells that store water for respiration.
- Leaves contain cells that control the release of water into the air.
-Leaves contain cells that absorb sunlight and water during photosynthesis.
- Leaves contain cells that stimulate growth by moving water through the plant.
Answers
Answer: C -Leaves contain cells that absorb sunlight and water during photosynthesis.
Explanation:
Leaves contain cells that absorb sunlight and water during photosynthesis. That's why after three hours the amount of water decreases as the number of leaves increases. Option (C) is correct.
What are stomata in leaves ?Water is taken up by roots from the soil and moved as a liquid by xylem to the leaves. Small holes in the leaves allow CO2 to enter the leaf for photosynthesis and water to escape as a vapor.
The rate of gas exchange is regulated by stomata, which are pores present in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs. A pair of specialized parenchyma cells called guard cells surrounds the pore, controlling the size of the stomatal opening.
They are essential to photosynthesis because they allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to leave. Additionally, the stomata aid in transpiration, the process of releasing water vapor through a plant's leaves.
Thus, option (C) is correct about leaves.
Learn more about stomata, here:
https://brainly.com/question/27780594
#SPJ5
A major role of protein in the body is to ________. A slight overload on the muscle triggers cellular breakdown and then protein synthesis of each muscle cell in order to adapta. remodel and build cellsb. provide energy during exercisec. maximize muscle glycogen stores
Answers
A major role of protein in the body is to option a. remodel and build cells.
What is protein? Protein is one of the most important nutrients required for muscle growth and repair. It's a macronutrient made up of amino acids and it's responsible for a variety of bodily functions, including building and repairing cells and tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and supporting the immune system. Protein is critical for remodeling and building cells, and it is often consumed in greater amounts by athletes and bodybuilders. Amino acids from protein help to repair and regenerate muscle fibers after exercise-induced damage, resulting in muscle growth over time. A slight overload on the muscle triggers cellular breakdown and then protein synthesis of each muscle cell in order to adapt and build cells. When we exercise, we put stress on our muscles. This stress causes tiny tears in the muscle fibers, which then need to be repaired. In response to this damage, our bodies activate satellite cells and begin a process called protein synthesis. During protein synthesis, amino acids from protein are used to rebuild and strengthen the damaged muscle fibers, resulting in muscle growth and repair.
Learn more about functions of protein: https://brainly.com/question/10058019
#SPJ11
7. In which direction does water move through a plant?
A. Upward from the roots
B. Sideways through the leaves
C. Downward from the leaves
Answers
Answer:
A. Upward from the Roots
Answer:
The water Moves through a plant UPWARD FROM THE ROOTS.
Explanation:
When we water the plant, we water from the root and the water goes up in the plant and that's how the every part of the plant is fully watered.
Why does the lethal “b” allele affect more males than females?
Answers
In female mammalian cells, one X chromosome of the two would undergo random inactivation early in embryonic life, and therefore both males and females have a single active Y. with this the disease has a predilection in men because women do not carry the Y gene
What are the consequences of lethal alleles?Recessive lethal alleles cause death when they are homozygous. Death occurs at the stage when the product of this gene is needed. If the gene in question is responsible for the synthesis of a particular protein in early childhood, for example, the organism will die at that moment.
With this information, we can conclude that Y chromosome, is what guarantees the development of a male embryo and the lethal “b” allele
Learn more about lethal alleles in brainly.com/question/12420080
#SPJ1
Which of these organelles is found in plant cells but not in animal cells
Answers
Answer:
option d
central vacuole
Answer:
Animal cells do not have a central vacuole. Central Vacuole is used to store water and maintain turgor pressure in plant cells. Hope it helps!
1. Bacteria. Two bacteria were placed in a dish. The number of bacteria quadruples every hour. There are now 131,072 bacteria in the dish. How many hours have passed since the original two bacteria we
Answers
To determine the number of hours that have passed since the original two bacteria were placed in the dish, we can use the fact that the number of bacteria quadruples every hour.
Starting with two bacteria, we can observe the progression:
Hour 1: 2 bacteria
Hour 2: 2 x 4 = 8 bacteria
Hour 3: 8 x 4 = 32 bacteria
Hour 4: 32 x 4 = 128 bacteria
Hour 5: 128 x 4 = 512 bacteria
Hour 6: 512 x 4 = 2048 bacteria
Hour 7: 2048 x 4 = 8192 bacteria
Hour 8: 8192 x 4 = 32768 bacteria
Hour 9: 32768 x 4 = 131072 bacteria
Therefore, it took 9 hours for the number of bacteria to reach 131,072.
To solve more questions on bacteria , visit the link below
brainly.com/question/30217998
#SPJ11
Meiosis is the process by which cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid. True or false?.
Answers
The statement "Meiosis is the process by which cells are produced from a cell that was originally diploid" is false.
This is because meiosis is the process by which cells are produced from a cell that was originally haploid.
What is meant by meiosis?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of four gamete cells and a 50% reduction in the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.To develop egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction, this process is necessary.We observe the following stages in meiosis:Meiosis Iinterphase ITwo identical complete sets of chromosomes are produced as a result of the cell's DNA being duplicated.Two centrosomes, each comprising a pair of centrioles, are located outside the nucleus and are essential for the process of cell division.These centrosomes produce microtubules during interphase.prophase IUnder a microscope, the copied chromosomes condense into distinct X-shaped structures.Two sister chromatids with identical genetic material make up each chromosome.So that both copies of chromosome 1 are together, both copies of chromosome 2 are together, and so on, the chromosomes couple up.The chromosomal pairs may then exchange DNA strands through a process known as recombination or crossing over.The membrane around the cell's nucleus melts at the conclusion of Prophase I, freeing the chromosomes.Microtubules and other proteins make up the meiotic spindle, which spans the cell between the centrioles.metaphase IAlong the cell's center (equator), the chromosomal pairs are positioned adjacent to one another.The meiotic spindles are now extending from the centrioles, which are now located at the cell's opposite poles.One chromosome from each pair is attached by the meiotic spindle fibers.anaphase IThe meiotic spindle then separates the pair of chromosomes by pulling one chromosome to one pole and the other chromosome to the opposite pole of the cell.The sister chromatids remain together throughout meiosis I. In contrast to mitosis and meiosis II, this occurs.telophase I and cytokinesisThe chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell in whole.A complete pair of chromosomes congregates at each pole of the cell.Each set of chromosomes is surrounded by a membrane that divides into two new nuclei.The single cell then divides into two independent daughter cells, each of which has a nucleus and a complete complement of chromosomes. Cytokinesis is the name for this process.Meiosis IIprophase IITwo daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each are present at this time (23 pairs of chromatids).The chromosomes once more condense into clear, X-shaped structures that are simple to observe under a microscope in each of the two daughter cells.Each daughter cell's nucleus membrane disintegrates, releasing the chromosomes.Centrioles are duplicative.Once more, the meiotic spindle forms.metaphase IIChromosomes (a pair of sister chromatids) are arranged end to end along the cell's equator in each of the two daughter cells.In each of the daughter cells, the centrioles are now located at opposing poles.The sister chromatids are connected by meiotic spindle fibers that are attached to each pole of the cell.anaphase IIChromosomes (a pair of sister chromatids) are arranged end to end along the cell's equator in each of the two daughter cells.In each of the daughter cells, the centrioles are now located at opposing poles.The sister chromatids are connected by meiotic spindle fibers that are attached to each pole of the cell.telophase II and cytokinesisThe chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell in whole.A complete pair of chromosomes congregates at each pole of the cell.Each set of chromosomes is surrounded by a membrane to produce two new cell nuclei.Even though this is the final stage of meiosis, cell division is not finished without one more cycle of cytokinesis.Four granddaughter cells, each with half a set of chromosomes (haploid), are produced once cytokinesis is finished.In men, these four cells are all sperm cells, whereas in females, one of the cells is an egg cell and the other three are polar bodies (small cells that do not develop into eggs).To learn more about meiosis visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11622266
#SPJ4
Which abdominopelvic region is located directly inferior to the left hypochondriac region? Hypogastric region O Epigastric region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region
Answers
The abdominopelvic region that is located directly inferior to the left hypochondriac region is the left lumbar region. The correct answer is the left lumbar region.
The left hypochondriac region is located on the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just below the left ribcage. The left lumbar region is located on the left middle portion of the abdomen, between the left hypochondriac region and the left iliac region. Abdominopelvic region - The centre of the umbilical region (belly button) superior to the umbilical region is the epigastric region (above belly) inferior to the umbilical region is the hypogastric region (pubic area) Located lateral to the hypogastric area is the right iliac (inguinal region).The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity make up the abdominopelvic cavity, which is a bodily cavity. The stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, and the majority of the large intestine are all located in the upper part of the body, which is called the abdominal cavity.
For such more questions on Abdominopelvic region
https://brainly.com/question/17062985
#SPJ4
dogs do not get measles because their cells lack the correct receptor sites for that virus. group of answer choices true false
Answers
True: Dogs do not get measles because their cells lack the correct receptor sites for that virus.
Dogs do not have correct receptors for the virus cells to attach on. The virus must be able to attach to the receptor cells present in the host to copy it's genome and replicate it. The cells that a virus uses to replicate are called permissive cells. Now, when the virus do not gets the receptor cells in dogs, it can't cause measles in them. Hence, the given stagement is true.
The scientific foundation for this specificity is that the host cell surface must include a specific surface molecule known as the viral receptor in order for the virus to bind. In addition, changes in metabolism and host cell immunity observed in various cell types based on differential gene expression are a probable influence in which cells a virus may choose to replicate in.
To know more about virus, refer:
https://brainly.com/question/15750608
#SPJ4
Please answer In your own words.
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation:
this is true, as many things that we accpet as truth are technically only theories. theories with many examples of them being true, but only theories nonetheless. for example, cell theory in biology is accepted as truth despite it being technically possible, allbeit extremely highly unlikely at this point, that we are wrong in some way about one or all of the facets of cell theory
Which of the following
perform cellular respiration?
(2A)
All living things
Only animals
Only humans and plants
Only plants
Answers
What are sigins of anxiety?????
Give two of them
ty
and don't give links as answers .
Answers
Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom.
Having an increased heart rate.
Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)
Choose any 2 from these hope it helps
How is cancer related to cell division
Answers
Answer:cell division is how cancer spread in the body
Explanation: Cancer cells are mutated and overtake good cells
7. how does the mature anther differ from the immature one with pollen tetrads?
Answers
The mature anther differs from the immature one with pollen tetrads in terms of the presence of mature pollen grains and the absence of tetrads.
In the immature anther, the pollen mother cells undergo meiosis, resulting in the formation of pollen tetrads. A tetrad is a group of four haploid cells that are genetically identical. These cells eventually develop into mature pollen grains. At this stage, the anther is not yet ready for pollen release.
In contrast, the mature anther is characterized by the presence of fully developed pollen grains that are ready for release. The tetrads have undergone further development, and each cell within the tetrad has been divided into a separate pollen grain. The pollen grains are now individual, independent structures that contain the male gametes necessary for fertilization.
To summarize, the main difference between the mature and immature anther with pollen tetrads lies in the stage of pollen development. The immature anther contains pollen tetrads, while the mature anther contains fully developed, individual pollen grains that are ready for dispersal and fertilization.
Learn more about pollen grains, below:
https://brainly.com/question/1626452
#SPJ11
Genetic change caused by mutations in DNA can lead to?
Answers
Answer:
Sometimes, gene variants (also known as mutations) prevent one or more proteins from working properly. By changing a gene's instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or not be produced at all.
can subjects shift their attention to areas of the visual field peripheral to the fixation point without moving their eyes?
Answers
Yes, subjects can shift their attention to areas of the visual field peripheral to the fixation point without moving their eyes.
This is known as covert attention and involves directing attention without the need for eye movements. The ability to direct attention without moving the eyes is essential for efficient visual processing, especially in situations where moving the eyes would be inefficient or impractical. Covert attention is thought to be guided by top-down cognitive factors such as task demands and goals as well as bottom-up sensory factors such as salient stimuli or sudden changes in the environment. The neural basis of covert attention involves a network of brain regions including the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and superior colliculus.Subjects can shift their attention to areas of the visual field peripheral to the fixation point without moving their eyes. Covert attention has been studied extensively using behavioral paradigms such as the Posner cueing task and neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI and EEG. Overall, the ability to shift attention without moving the eyes is an important aspect of visual processing and is essential for efficient visual perception and cognition.
learn more about peripheral
https://brainly.com/question/28217019
#SPJ11
Imagine you are a genetic counselor and a couple has come to you to learn more about their genetics and the effects genetic inheritance will have on their baby. Describe which traits are inherited from parents and an explanation of how they are received from genes. What are common dominant traits in a family? Feel free to use your own family traits if you’d like!
Answers
As a genetic counselor, I can help the couple understand which traits their baby might inherit from them. Traits are inherited from parents through genes, which are the basic unit of heredity.
what are Some common dominant traits that can be inherited from parents ?
Widows Peak: This is a hairline that forms a V shape in the center of the forehead.
Cleft chin: This is a distinctive dimple in the center of the chin.
Freckles: These are small brown spots on the skin.
Dimples: These are small indentations on the cheeks or chin.
Bent little finger: This is a finger that curves inward towards the ring finger.
When both parents have the same dominant trait, their child is more likely to inherit that trait. However, if both parents have different dominant traits, the child has a 50% chance of inheriting each trait.
It's important to note that many traits are determined by multiple genes, and inheritance can be complex. As a genetic counselor, I can help the couple understand their genetic risks and provide guidance on how to best plan for the health of their baby.
As a genetic counselor, I can help the couple understand which traits their baby might inherit from them. Traits are inherited from parents through genes, which are the basic unit of heredity. Each person inherits two copies of most genes, one from each parent. Some genes are dominant, meaning that only one copy is needed to express the trait, while others are recessive, requiring two copies to express the trait.
To learn more about genes follow the given link: https://brainly.com/question/1480756
#SPJ1