Consider each pair of compounds listed below and determine whether a fractional distillation would be necessary to separate them or if a simple distillation would be sufficient.

a. Ethyl acetate and hexane
b. Diethyl Ether and 1-butanol
c. Bromobenzene and 1,2-dibromobenzene

Answer:

I would say A.

Answer:

pH= 1.17

Explanation:

The neutralization reaction between HBr (acid) and KOH (base) is given by the following equation:

HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) → KBr(aq) + H₂O(l)

According to this equation, 1 mol of HBr reacts with 1 mol of KOH. Then, the moles can be expressed as the product between the molarity of the acid/base solution (M) and the volume in liters (V). So, we calculate the moles of acid and base:

Acid:

M(HBr) = 0.15 M = 0.15 mol/L

V(HBr) = 50.0 mL x 1 L/1000 mL = 0.05 L

moles of HBr = M(HBr) x V(HBr) = 0.15 mol/L x 0.05 L = 7.5 x 10⁻³ moles HBr

Base:

M(KOH) = 0.25 M = 0.25 mol/L

V(HBr) = 13.0 mL x 1 L/1000 mL = 0.013 L

moles of HBr = M(HBr) x V(HBr) = 0.25 mol/L x 0.013 L = 3.25 x 10⁻³ moles KOH

Now, we have: 7.5 x 10⁻³ moles HBr > 3.25 x 10⁻³ moles KOH

HBr is a strong acid and KOH is a strong base, so they are completely dissociated in water: the acid produces H⁺ ions and the base produces OH⁻ ions. So, the difference between the moles of HBr and the moles of KOH is equal to the moles of remaining H⁺ ions after neutralization:

moles of H⁺ = 7.5 x 10⁻³ moles HBr - 3.25 x 10⁻³ moles KOH = 4.25 x 10⁻³ moles H⁺

From the definition of pH:

pH = -log [H⁺]

The concentration of H⁺ ions is calculated from the moles of H⁺ divided into the total volume:

total volume = V(HBr) + V(KOH) = 0.05 L + 0.013 L = 0.063 L

[H⁺] = (moles of H⁺)/(total volume) = 4.25 x 10⁻³ moles/0.063 L = 0.067 M

Finally, we calculate the pH after neutralization:

pH = -log [H⁺] = -log (0.067) = 1.17

Answer:

Br-CH2-CH(CH3)2-C(Cl)H-CH(CH3)2-CHO

Explanation:

The molecule has a total of 14 carbon atoms, 13 hydrogen atoms, and 1 bromine atom. The carbon atoms are arranged in a chain with a methyl group attached to the second carbon atom, a chlorine atom attached to the third carbon atom, and two methyl groups attached to the fourth carbon atom. The fifth carbon atom has a carbonyl group attached to it.

The molecule is an aldehyde, which means that it has a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the chain. The carbonyl group is polar, and the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge. The hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge. This polarity makes the aldehyde group susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

The bromine and chlorine atoms are both electrophilic, which means that they have a partial positive charge. This makes them susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

The methyl groups are non-polar and do not have any significant reactivity.

The molecule is a chiral molecule, which means that it has a mirror image that is not superimposable on itself. This is because the carbon atom with the carbonyl group is attached to four different groups.

The molecule is a liquid at room temperature and has a strong odor. It is used in a variety of products, including perfumes, flavorings, and plastics.

Answer:

2918.4 torr

Explanation:

From;

PV=nRT

We have that the new conditions of the gas are;

V = 12.0 L

T1 = 177 + 273 = 450 K

n = 1.25 mol

R= 0.082 atm LK-1mol-1

P= ?

P = nRT/V

P = 1.25 *  0.082 * 450/12.0

P = 3.84 atm

Since

1 atm = 760 torr

3.84 atm = 3.84 * 760 = 2918.4 torr

The mass of  \(Mg(OH)2\) in a 215 mL of a 0.350 M solution is 4.386 kg where the number of moles is  75.25.

Given the volume of solution of \(Mg(OH)2\)= 215mL

The concentration of solution of\(Mg(OH)2\)= 0.350M

Let the mass of \(Mg(OH)2\) solution = m

We know the mass of solution by calculating the number of moles of substance. Since we are given the volume of the solution (215 mL) and the molarity (0.350 M), we can calculate the number of moles of \(Mg(OH)2\)using the formula M = n/V, where M is molarity, n is the number of moles, and V is the volume.

n = M x V

n = 0.350 * 215 = 75.25 moles of \(Mg(OH)2\)

Now that we know the number of moles of \(Mg(OH)2\), we can calculate the mass of \(Mg(OH)2\) in the solution.

Mass = n x Molar Mass

the molar mass of \(Mg(OH)2\) = (58.32 g/mol)  

Mass = 75.25 moles x 58.32 g/mol

Mass = 4.386 kg of  \(Mg(OH)2\)

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Answer:

\( \frac{ {a}^{2} }{ {b}^{2} \times c \times {e}^{7} } \)

Hope it helps you.......

The solubility of carbon dioxide in water at the given pressure would be 8.45 g CO2 in 100 mL of water.  

According to Henry's law:

C = kH x P

where:

To solve this problem, we need to use the Henry's law constant for carbon dioxide in water at 20 \(^oC\), which is 0.0349 mol/L/atm. Let's convert the given solubility from mass/volume units to molar concentration units as follows:

Now we can use Henry's law to calculate the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at 5.50 atm:

Concentration from mol/L to mass/volume units:

0.192 mol/L x 44.01 g/mol = 8.45 g CO2 / 100 mL

Therefore, the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at 5.50 atm pressure is approximately 8.45 g CO2 in 100 mL of water at 20 \(^oC\).

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Answer:

C

Explanation:

2020edge

Answer:

A) higher temperature Right arrow more kinetic energy Right arrow more space between particles Right arrow higher volume

Explanation:

Edgenuity 2020

Diamonds are composed of carbon in a tetrahedral lattice. That is option C.

A diamond of defined as an allotrope or one of the major forms of the element, carbon in nature.

These carbon atoms are arranged within the diamond in a face centered cubic tetrahedral lattice shape.

Therefore, Diamonds are composed of carbon in a tetrahedral lattice.

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Diamonds are composed of carbon in a tetrahedral lattice. The correct option is C.

Diamonds are one of the allotropes of carbon. The other allotrope of carbon is graphite.

Thus, diamonds are made up of carbon atoms that are tightly packed together. Each carbon atom in a diamond is strongly bonded to 4 other carbon atoms, resulting in the formation of a tetrahedral structure.

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The given scenario is an example of convection. The correct option is d.

Convection is a method of moving heat that is also known as a heat transfer mechanism. When a fluid, such as air or water, is in motion, heat is transferred. Temperature differences across the fluid drive convection.

Convection is the exchange of thermal energy in fluids through the motion of matter within them. A bulk transfer of molecules occurs within the fluid.

It can happen in both gases and liquids and has a cyclical effect. There is both natural and forced convective heat transfer.

Scenario A demonstrates how water can be heated to a boll when held over a fire. This is an illustration of convection.

Thus, the correct option is d.

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The amount of heat energy absorbed when 200 grams of water are heated from 20 C to 60 C is 33,440 Joules.

To find the amount of heat energy absorbed when 200 grams of water are heated from 20 C to 60 C, we can use the equation Q = mcAT.
First, we need to find the value of m, which is the mass of the water in grams. In this case, it is given as 200 grams.
Next, we need to find the value of AT, which is the change in temperature in degrees Celsius.

This can be calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature, which gives us 60 C - 20 C = 40 C.
The specific heat capacity of water, C, is given as 4.18 Joules per gram per degree Celsius.
Now we can plug in the values into the equation:
Q = mcAT
Q = (200 g) x (4.18 J/g°C) x (40°C)
Q = 33,440 J
Therefore, the amount of heat energy absorbed when 200 grams of water are heated from 20 C to 60 C is 33,440 Joules.

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Answer:

Please find the attached file for the complete solution:

Explanation:

When fossil fuels burn, several forms of energy are produced, including:

Heat energy: The primary form of energy released during fossil fuel combustion is heat. Fossil fuels contain chemical energy stored for millions of years, and when they burn, this energy is released in the form of heat. The heat energy can be harnessed for various purposes, such as heating buildings or generating steam to drive turbines.

Light energy: Burning fossil fuels can also produce light energy in the form of flames or glowing embers. This light energy is a byproduct of combustion.

Mechanical energy: Heat generated by burning fossil fuels can be converted into mechanical energy. This is typically achieved by using heat to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to a generator. The rotating turbine converts the heat energy into mechanical energy, which is further transformed into electrical energy.

Electrical energy: Through the process described above, burning fossil fuels can ultimately generate electrical energy. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electrical energy by the generator. Electrical energy can power various devices, appliances, industries, and infrastructure.

It's critical to note that while burning fossil fuels can produce useful forms of energy, it also results in the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This contributes to climate change and environmental concerns. As a result, there is a global shift towards cleaner and renewable energy sources to mitigate these negative impacts.

Answer:

D

Explanation:

The ratio of C6H12O6 (which will be referred to as "the carb") to oxygen is 1 to 6, so if we find an answer which has the same ratio, it should be chosen. A is 1:3
B is even worse with a ratio of the carb to oxygen of 1:2
C is the same as B, 1:2
D has a ratio of the carb to oxygen of 1:6, which is what we are looking for.

The partial charges on each fluorine atom are negative. Option B) The central O atom is the correct answer. Option B

The partial charges in a molecule are determined by the electronegativity values of the atoms involved. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. In the case of \(F_2O\), fluorine (F) is more electronegative than oxygen.

Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table, meaning it has a high ability to attract electrons. Oxygen is also relatively electronegative but less so than fluorine. When fluorine atoms bond with oxygen, the shared electrons will be pulled more towards the fluorine atoms, creating a polar covalent bond.

In \(F_2O\), each fluorine atom will pull the shared electrons towards itself, resulting in a higher electron density around the fluorine atoms. This creates a region of partial negative charge around the fluorine atoms.

Conversely, the oxygen atom will have a region of lower electron density and, therefore, a partial positive charge. This is because the shared electrons spend more time around the fluorine atoms due to their higher electronegativity.

Option B

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Answer:

\(Q=-526.6J\)

Explanation:

Hello,

In this case, for the computation of the energy loss when the cooling process is carried out, we use the shown below equation:

\(Q=mCp\Delta T\)

Whereas we need the mass, specific heat and change in temperature of iron within the process. Thus, the only value we need is the specific heat that is 0.444 J/(g°C), therefore, we compute the heat loss:

\(Q=26.4g*0.444\frac{J}{g\°C}*(26.0\°C-74.0\°C)\\ \\Q=-526.6J\)

Negative sign points out the loss due to the cooling.

Regards.

Answer:

Boiling T° of solution  → 83.6°C

Explanation:

To solve this, we apply Elevation of boiling point, property

ΔT = Kb . m . i

As we talk about organic solute, i = 1. No ions are formed.

m = molality (moles of solute in 1kg of solvent)

We determine mass of solvent by density

D = m /V so D . V = m

950 mL . 0.877 g/mL = 833.15 g

We convert to kg → 833.15 g . 1 kg/ 1000g = 0.833 kg

Moles of solute (naphtalene): 150 g . 1 mol/ 128.16g = 1.17 mol

m = 1.17mol / 0.833 kg = 1.41 mol/kg

We replace data:

Boiling T° of solution - 80.1°C = 2.53°C/m . 1.41 m . 1

Boiling T° of solution = 2.53°C/m . 1.41 m . 1  +  80.1°C → 83.6°C

Answer:

The answer is c or 17.1 g

Answer:

Hydrogen bonding

Explanation:

Hydrogen bonding is the strongest intermolecular force in water, giving water many of its characteristics and acting to pull water molecules closer to each other.

I hope this helps!

There are numerous ways to determine whether lead is present in an ore. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a popular approach. With this method, an ore sample is dissolved in acid and then atomized in a flame or plasma.

The sample's atoms will absorb light at particular wavelengths that are peculiar to the element under investigation. The amount of light absorbed can be used to calculate how much lead is present in the sample. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are further techniques. It is crucial to remember that these procedures call for specialized tools and training, thus they ought to only be carried out in a lab by qualified experts.

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The Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway that uses the chemical energy of the production of ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The cycle uses CO2 and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules to make one of glucose.

The Calvin cycle is an anabolic-type metabolic pathway in which, starting from atmospheric CO2 molecules, glucose synthesis is achieved.

Therefore, we can conclude that the Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway in which atmospheric CO2 is captured by the plant and, going through different chemical changes, forms glucose.

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Taking into account the definition of molarity, the number of moles of MgCl₂ present in 60.0 mL of 0.100 M MgCl₂ solution is 0.006 moles.

Molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and indicates the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.

The molarity of a solution is calculated by:

molarity= number of moles of solute÷ volume

Molarity is expressed in units moles/L.

In this case, you have:

Replacing in the definition of molarity:

0.100 M=number of moles of MgCl₂÷ 0.06 L

Solving:

0.100 M × 0.06 L= number of moles of MgCl₂

0.006 moles= number of moles of MgCl₂

Finally, the number of moles of MgCl₂ is 0.006 moles.

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Taking into account the definition of pH, the hydrogen ion concentration of the acid rain is 1.58×10⁻³ greater compared to normal rainfall.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Normal rainfall has a pH of 6.2. Replacing in the definition of pH:

6.2= - log [H⁺]

Solving:

[H⁺]= 10⁻⁶ ²

[H⁺]= 6.31×10⁻⁷

Acid rain has a pH of 2.8. Replacing in the definition of pH:

2.8= - log [H⁺]

Solving:

[H⁺]= 10⁻² ⁸

[H⁺]= 1.58×10⁻³

To know how much greater is the hydrogen ion concentration of the acid rain compared to normal rainfall, you must do the subtraction between both concentrations:

1.58×10⁻³ - 6.31×10⁻⁷= 1.58×10⁻³

It is practically equal to the concentration of hydrogen ions in acid rain because its concentration is much higher than the concentration in normal rainfall.

In summary, the hydrogen ion concentration of the acid rain is 1.58×10⁻³ greater compared to normal rainfall.

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Answer: B is correct.

Explanation:

Answer A is a chemical change because of intense changes of color and expansion.

Answer C is a chemical change, as hydrogen and water are chemically bonding together.

Answer D is a chemical change because oxidation involves loss of electrons during a chemical reaction.

On the other hand, melting is a physical change. Therefore, answer B is the correct answer.

According to the molecular geometry, XeF₂Br₂ is polar as the compound possesses dipole moment.

Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.

It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.

They provide information about geometry by taking into considerations the vibrational and rotational absorbance of a substance.Neutron and electron diffraction techniques provide information about the distance between nuclei and electron density.

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To prepare a 0.12 M solution of FeCl₃, the amount of solid FeCl₃ to be dissolved in a given volume of solvent will be 9.72 grams.

Given,

Molarity of FeCl₃ (M)= 0.12 M

The molecular weight (m) of FeCl₃ is  = 162 gm

The volume of the solution (V) to be prepared is =500 ml

The amount of FeCl₃ to be dissolved to make a 0.12 M solution is= x

So,

MV= x ÷ m × 1000

0.12× 500 = x ÷ 162 × 1000

x = 60 × 162 ÷ 1000

x= 9.72 gm

So 9.72 grams of FeCl₃ is dissolved to make 500 ml of 0.12 M solution.

For preparing 0.4 M HCl from 4M HCL:

If we need to make 500 ml of solution with 0.4M of HCL, then we use the formula:

M₁V₁= M₂V₂

0.4 × 500= 4 × x

x= 50 ml

So 50 ml of 4M HCL is taken to make 0.4 M HCL.

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The amount of 0.110 M sulfuric acid are required to neutralize exactly 25.0 mL of 0.0840 M NH3 solution is 9.55mL.

A neutralisation reaction is a chemical process in which an acid and a base combine to produce salt and water as the end products. H+ ions and OH- ions combine to generate water during a neutralisation process.

2 NH3(aq) + H₂SO4 (aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)

moles of NH3 = (25ml x 1L/1000mL) x 0.084M

=> 2.1x 10^(-3) moles

The mole ratio of NH3 to H₂SO4 in the given reaction

=> moles of H₂SO4 = 2.1 x 10^(-3) moles of NH3 x 1 molesH₂SO4/2 moles

                                                                                                                  NH3

=> 1.05 x 10^(-3) moles

Volume = moles/molarity

=> 1.05  10^(-3) moles/0.110M

=> 9.55 x 10^(-3) L = 9.55mL

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The pOH of the 0.001 M NaOH solution is approximately 3.

To determine the pOH of a solution, we need to know the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution.

In the case of a 0.001 M NaOH solution, we can assume that all of the NaOH dissociates completely in water to form Na+ and OH- ions. Therefore, the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution is also 0.001 M.

The pOH is calculated using the equation:

pOH = -log[OH-]

Substituting the concentration of hydroxide ions, we have:

pOH = -log(0.001)

Using a calculator, we can evaluate the logarithm:

pOH ≈ 3

Therefore, the pOH of the 0.001 M NaOH solution is approximately 3.

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Ca(OH)₂ having a different solubility with a change in pH. Option 3 is correct.

The solubility of a compound can be affected by changes in pH when the compound has acidic or basic properties. If the compound can undergo an acid-base reaction in solution, the solubility may be influenced by the pH of the solution.

Out of the given compounds, the compound that can undergo an acid-base reaction and show a different solubility with a change in pH is Ca(OH)₂ (option 3). This compound is a strong base and can react with protons (H⁺) in solution to form Ca²⁺ ions and water molecules:

Ca(OH)₂ + 2 H⁺ → Ca²⁺ + 2 H2₂O

As the pH of the solution decreases (i.e. becomes more acidic), the concentration of H⁺ ions in solution increases, favoring the reaction to the left and decreasing the solubility of Ca(OH)₂.

Conversely, as the pH of the solution increases (i.e. becomes more basic), the concentration of H⁺ ions in solution decreases, favoring the reaction to the right and increasing the solubility of Ca(OH)₂.

Hence, 3. Ca(OH)₂ is the correct option.

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 A triglyceride containing a 16 carbon fatty acid chain can potentially yield approximately 98 ATP molecules through the process of beta-oxidation and subsequent energy production.

The number of ATP generated from a triglyceride containing 16 carbon fatty acid chains can be estimated through the process of beta-oxidation and subsequent energy production in the mitochondria.

For every cycle of beta-oxidation, a fatty acid chain is broken down into two-carbon units, which enter the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). During the citric acid cycle, high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) are produced.

These carriers then enter the electron transport chain (ETC), where ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation.

A general estimate is that each cycle of beta-oxidation produces around 14 ATP molecules. Since a 16-carbon fatty acid chain would undergo seven cycles of beta-oxidation (16/2 = 8 two-carbon units, but only seven cycles as the last cycle produces acetyl-CoA), we can approximate the ATP yield as 7 cycles × 14 ATP/cycle = 98 ATP.

However, it's important to note that this is a simplified estimation and the actual ATP yield can vary depending on factors such as the specific fatty acid chain and the efficiency of the metabolic pathways involved.

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Answer:

3

Explanation:

The amount of mass per given vol