Answer:
I'm on here most of the time.
Explanation:
If you'd like, I'll try to answer all of your questions! Just give me the word. :)
The number of a country’s unemployment workers decreased from 5.3 million to 3.9 million last year. If the country’s population remained constant at 75 million, how did its unemployment rate change last year?
The country's unemployment rate decreased by 1.87% last year.
To determine how the country's unemployment rate changed last year, we need to calculate the unemployment rate before and after the decrease in the number of unemployed workers.The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed workers by the total labor force (unemployed + employed workers) and multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage.Before the decrease, the number of unemployed workers was 5.3 million. Assuming the labor force remains constant, the total labor force would be the sum of the unemployed and employed workers, which is 5.3 million + (75 million - 5.3 million) = 75 million.Therefore, the initial unemployment rate was (5.3 million / 75 million) * 100 = 7.07%.After the decrease, the number of unemployed workers became 3.9 million. The total labor force remains constant at 75 million.Therefore, the new unemployment rate is (3.9 million / 75 million) * 100 = 5.2%.The change in the unemployment rate can be calculated by subtracting the new rate from the initial rate: \(7.07% - 5.2% = 1.87%\).Hence, the country's unemployment rate decreased by 1.87% last year.For more questions on unemployment
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Uniontown Books began operating in 2011. The company lost money its first three years of operations, but has had an operating profit during the past two years. The company's operating income (EBIT) for its first five years was as follows: Year EBIT 2011 -$2,200,000 2012 -$2,000,000 2013 -$1,000,000 2014 $1,200,000 2015 $7,000,000 The company has no debt, and therefore, pays no interest expense. Its corporate tax rate has remained at 34% during this 5-year period. What was Uniontown's tax liability for 2015
Answer: $1,020,000
Explanation:
Uniontown's tax liability for 2015 will be calculated thus:
Firstly, we'll calculate the loss to be adjusted in 2015 which will be:
2011 = $1,000,000
2012 = $2,000,000
2013 = $1,000,000
Total = $4,000,000
The profit after the adjustment of loss will be:
= EBIT in 2015 - Adjusted loss
= $7,000,000 - $4,000,000
= $3,000,000
Since Corporate tax rate is 34%, then. The tax liability for 2015 will be:
= $3,000,000 × 34%
= $1,020,000
Therefore, Uniontown's tax liability for 2015 is $1,020,000.
Note that from the total loss of $2,200,000 in 2011, $1,000,000 is adjusted in later years as $1,200,000 is adjusted in 2014.
Select ALL the correct answers.
Which two of the following are factors of production?
a home mortgage loan
stock in a construction company
a newly built house
carpentry skills
planks of hardwood
Answer:
stock in a construction company
planks of hardwood
Question #1
Which of these products is a service?
O Pet food
O Veterinary care
O Grooming brush
O Medication for a pet
1.Opportunity cost is the cost of something in terms of giving up the next best thing?
True/False
2.Specialisation means making unique items for each customer?
True/False
Answer:
trueExplanation:
I took the test and got 100%
What statements about innovation are true? multiple select question. It can provide firms with a competitive advantage. It can never be a basis for competitive advantage. It can make existing products or businesses obsolete. It can only be achieved by government agencies
Option (a), If the claims regarding innovation are genuine, it can provide companies a competitive edge.
Does innovation provide you an advantage in the market?Because of how fiercely competitive product innovation is in terms of quality and utility, consumers are pushed to choose. With attracting new customers, organizations are able to surpass their competitors, dominate the market, and improve performance.
How important is innovation in achieving a competitive edge?Consumers can gain from innovation in a number of different ways, such as by making a good or service more accessible, quick, practical, long-lasting, or even better designed. By innovation, you may beat out your competitors and make your business the best in your sector.
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The complete question is:
What statements about innovation are true?
multiple select question.
It can provide firms with a competitive advantage. It can never be a basis for competitive advantage. It can make existing products or businesses obsolete. It can only be achieved by government agenciesThe publisher of Celebrity Living claims that the mean sales for personality magazines that feature people such as Megan Fox or Jennifer Lawrence are 1.5 million copies per week. A sample of 10 comparable titles shows a mean weekly sales last week of 1.3 million copies with a standard deviation of 0.9 million copies.
Answer and Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
For determining each part first we have to do the following calculations
Critical value of t = 3.250
Null hypothesis = 1.5
Alternative hypothesis ≠ 1.5
Population mean \(\mu\) = 1.5
Sample mean \(\bar X\)= 1.30
Sample size \(n\) = 10.00
Sample standard deviation \(s\) = 0.900
Standard error of mean is
\(s_x = \frac{s}{\sqrt{n} }\)
\(= \frac{0.900}{\sqrt{10.00}}\)
= 0.2846
Test static is
\(t = \frac{x - \mu}{s_x}\)
\(= \frac{1.30 - 1.5}{0.2846}\)
= -0.703
a. The null hypothesis is
μ = 1.5
Alternate Hypothesis is
μ ≠ 1.5
b. reject \(H_o\) if t is not between
-3.250 and 3.250
c. The value of the test statistic is
t = -0.703
(as we have computed above)
d. fail to reject \(H_o\) as this data does not contradict the publisher claim
Give one word for the following.
A. Involuntary separation from an organization.
__________________
B. Voluntary separation from an organization.
__________________
Answer:
a fired
b quit
Explanation:
involuntary is not by choice
voluntary is by choice
Bill’s hardware store is located in a small town. Recently, a large chain hardware store opened up on the other side of town. The chain reduced its prices on most o the terms that Bill’s store carried. Unfortunately for Bill’s store carried. Unfortunately for Bill, he could not compete and had to close his store. After Bill went out of business, the large chain hardware store raised its pricing tactic?
a.) Parity pricing
b.) Multipoint pricing
c.) Predatory pricing
d.) Experience curve pricing
A price level at which two securities or assets have equal value is known as a "parity price." It is a concept that is utilized in a number of markets, including convertible bonds, equities, fixed income, and commodities.
What exactly is parity pricing?
a pricing strategy in which a company's primary focus is on the prices its rivals are charging for comparable goods and services.
How does retail price parity work?
A pricing strategy called "price parity" aims to make it possible to charge the same amount for a particular product on two distinct platforms. Price parity, for instance, will enable you to set the same price for both Walmart and Amazon if you want to be present there.
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Which of the following is true of a small business?
a.It is not owned by one individual alone.
b.It has many retail outlets.
c.It does not influence its environment.
d.It is publicly owned.
The true statement of the following about a small business is: c.It does not influence its environment.
What is a small business? A small business is a privately owned and operated business that employs a small number of employees. It usually refers to businesses that have a smaller capital investment, fewer staff, and a smaller revenue amount than larger businesses.A small business typically doesn't have the resources, size, and influence of larger companies, which limits its impact on the environment as compared to a large business. Hence, the statement that is true of a small business is c. It does not influence its environment.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
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essay on trade unions and labor restrictions
Answer:
A trade union is an association of workers from certain professions for the purpose of promoting common interests related to their work. The work of trade unions is thus usually about work-related issues such as wages, job security, leisure time, but also about things like education and job titles where applicable. Trade unions negotiate wages and conditions with employers in wage agreements they make on behalf of their unions. Thus, these unions seek to maximize the rights of workers in their work spaces, trying to ensure that employers respect the rights of their employees without restriction of any kind.
Competition among sellers (producers) lowers costs and prices, and encourages producers to produce more of what consumers are willing and able to buy.
A. Explain how the above (free market competition) would be an advantage for you, the consumer.
B. Describe how an oligopoly OR monopoly could inhibit competition among businesses.
Answer:
A. Explain how the above (free market competition) would be an advantage for you, the consumer.
Free market competition is advantageous to the consumer because it promotes the supply of many goods and services, at a lower price than other market structures like oligopoly or monopoly.
In the free market, there are many firms, none have market power, and they produce goods and services that have many substitutes. This means that if a firm raises the price of a good, consumers simply flock to another firm that offers a similar product. This mechanism obliges firms to offer their goods at the market-clearing price, which is the best price for the consumer.
B. Describe how an oligopoly OR monopoly could inhibit competition among businesses.
Oligopolies ocurr when there are only a few firms in the market, and monopoly ocurrs when there is only one firm. These two market structures allow firms to charge higher prices than the market-clearing price, and to supply less quantity than the market-clearing quantity.
Besides, oligpolies and monopolies are characterized by high barriers to entry and exit, which keep potential competing firms out of market, inhibiting competition.
ESTIONS
Discuss FOUR phases of business cycle in detail
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation
1. Expansion: this is a period in which business is growing at a considerable rate. Such as an increase in production and sales
2. peak: this is a period in which production and prices increase beyond the normal level. This shows there is no longer room for increment.
3. contraction: this is a period in a business cycle in which the productions and sales began to fall due to low patronage and a bad economy.
4. Trout: this is a peak period in which business models lost their values in terms of production and sales. At this point, it is believed that the business cannot get worse.
Which of the following is NOT true about technology?
O It can improve productivity.
OIt can create new markets.
O It's always good for everyone.
It can reduce costs.
Answer:
it's always good for everyone
Explanation:
some people might get bullied online or get texts from creeps
Assume there are external benefits associated with the production of Good X. Without government regulation, the market will: produce too much of Good X. produce too much of Good X. price Good X less than the marginal social cost. price Good X less than the marginal social cost. produce too little of Good X. produce too little of Good X. price Good X greater than the marginal cost. price Good X greater than the marginal cost.
Answer:
produce too little of Good X. produce too little of Good X.
Explanation:
A good has positive externality if the benefits to third parties not involved in production is greater than the cost. an example of an activity that generates positive externality is research and development. Due to the high cost of R & D, they are usually under-produced. Government can encourage the production of activities that generate positive externality by granting subsidies.
A good has negative externality if the costs to third parties not involved in production is greater than the benefits. an example of an activity that generates negative externality is pollution. Pollution can be generated at little or no cost, so they are usually overproduced. Government can discourage the production of activities that generate negative externality by taxation. Taxation increases the cost of production and therefore discourages overproduction. Tax levied on externality is known as Pigouvian tax.
Government can regulate the amount of externality produced by placing an upper limit on the amount of negative externality permissible
9. If you found that you were in financial trouble because of credit and had great difficulty paying your monthly bills, what would you do?
Answer:
You would have to cut down on some luxuries, like lots of foods, amusement parks, shopping trips, etc. If you have have extra hours, work more hours, quite possibly take another job.
Explanation:
Does anyone know how to start your own business as a teen? I am trying to start my own beauty business, with face products etc. Also I need name ideas one of that I was thinking of was Natural Beauty. Since I am going to be selling all natural products
Answer:
i'm no expert but, i think first start out with ideas of the business u wanna do and keep adding on to those ideas you already have and find a business idea you know you can invest in and stick to that business so you can make money you want and supply the products people want and need so, that your making money to help yourself out in life and their getting supplies that are good and don't have harsh chemicals so, it doesn't result in you losing money. Also Natural Beauty is a good name but, i think you might like these three name ideas but, if not its okay go with the name you want since it's your business. Here are the name ideas Natural Essentials, Clear Beauty, or Organic Beauty Essentials.
Answer:
Many small business owners decide to set up an LLC for the liability protection it provides. An LLC, or limited liability company, exists separately from its owners (known as members), and the owners are therefore not personally responsible for business debts.Most states don’t allow two different business entities to have the same name. So you can’t, for example, have “Joe’s Donuts, LLC” and “Joe’s Donuts, Inc.,” even if they’re located in different cities. Many states also restrict companies from using certain words in their names, such as “bank.” If the LLC name you’ve selected is available, but you aren’t going to be filing your LLC documents right away, you may want to reserve the name. Nearly every state allows you to reserve a name by filing a form and paying a name reservation fee. The length of the reservation period, filing fees, and renewal policies vary from state to state.Almost every state requires its LLCs to name a registered agent (also sometimes called a statutory agent). A registered agent is a person who agrees to receive lawsuits, subpoenas and other official documents on behalf of the LLC and to pass them along to the appropriate person at the LLC.An LLC operating agreement is the roadmap that describes how your LLC will be run. It specifies such things as the ownership interests and voting rights of the members, how profits and losses will be allocated, how meetings will be held, how the business will be governed, the rights of the members if one of them dies or leaves the business, and the way the company will be dissolved if it goes out of business.Each state has its own form and procedure for establishing an LLC. In general, you must file articles of organization that list.After the LLC’s formation documents are filed and approved, the state will issue a certificate or other document that confirms that your LLC formally exists. Once you’ve received the certificate, you can take care of business matters like obtaining a tax ID number and business licenses and setting up a business bank account. Explanation:If your LLC does business in more than one state, you may need to register to do business in other states. To do this, you’ll need to fill out and submit paperwork that’s similar to the paperwork you filed when you formed your LLC. You’ll also need a registered agent in each state where you are authorized to do business.
Ben and Molly are married and will file jointly. Ben generates $300,000 of qualified business income from his single-member LLC (a law firm). He reports his business as a sole proprietorship. Wages paid by the law firm amount to $40,000; the law firm has no significant property. Molly is employed as a tax manager by a local CPA firm. Their modified taxable income is $381,400 (this is also their taxable income before the deduction for qualified business income). Determine their QBI deduction for 2019.
Answer:
$14,400
Explanation:
QBI deduction can be as much as 20% of QBI but it cannot exceed 20% of taxable income before QBI deduction and/or capital gains.
QBI deduction also starts to phase out if the couple's income is higher than $321,400 (for 2019).
phase out = 1 - [($381,400 - $321,400) / $100,000] = 1 - 0.6 = 40%
we must choose the higher between:
tentative QBI deduction based on W-2 wages = 50% x $40,000 x 40% = $8,000
or
QBI deduction based on capital investment limit = (25% x $40,000 x 40%) + $0 (no qualified property) = $4,000
allowable QBI deduction:
($300,000 x 20% x 40%) - {[($300,000 x 20% x 40%) - $8,000] x (1 - 40%)} = $24,000 - [($24,000 - $8,000) x 0.60] = $24,000 - $9,600 = $14,400
Because in the long run there can be no economic profit in pure competition and producers will produce at the lowest possible cost, then the lowest possible prices are assured for consumers.
True
False
False. While it is true that in pure competition, producers strive to produce at the lowest possible cost, and this can lead to lower prices for consumers, it does not necessarily mean that the lowest possible prices are assured. Several factors can influence prices, including market demand, supply chain costs, government regulations, and competitive dynamics.
In a perfectly competitive market, where there are many buyers and sellers, and no single entity has control over the market, prices tend to be driven down to the level of minimum average total cost. However, this doesn't guarantee that prices will be the absolute lowest possible. Factors such as production efficiency, economies of scale, and technological advancements can further lower costs and prices, but other factors can offset these effects.
Additionally, in real-world markets, perfect competition is rare. Most markets have some degree of imperfections, such as monopolies, oligopolies, or monopolistic competition. In these cases, the market power of a few producers can influence prices and prevent prices from reaching the lowest possible level.
Therefore, while pure competition can lead to lower prices, it does not assure the lowest possible prices for consumers in all circumstances.
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Which of the following statements below lists the rules of entering transactions into the accounting equation?
Answer:
where is the stuff its just the question
Explanation:
The assets should always match the total of the equity and liabilities, and the accounting equation needs to be in balance. Thus, option D is correct.
What are transactions?A transaction can be defined as the process where money, product, services, or anything is being transferred from one person to another person.
Selling, buying, receivables, and reimbursements are major categories of monetary operations that have an effect on the firm business and its balance sheet.
According to the accounting rules and regulations, it is said that there are two columns that are the assets and the liabilities and every transaction has at least two effects. Also if in the end, the asset, and liabilities side does not match then reconciliation needs to be made. Therefore, option D is the correct option.
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The question is incomplete, The option will be:
a. The accounting equation can be out of balance only when payment will be received at a future date.
b. An asset account and a liability account are always affected.
c. Transactions entered into the accounting equation must involve cash and an equity account.
d. The accounting equation must always remain in balance so that assets always equal the sum of liabilities and equity.
Select the TWO False statements about Requirements to Obtain Funding.
what classifications of its customers may serve its business goals? what ethical issues may arise from these applications?
A business may divide the market depending on various business lines, such as software, professional services, and training.
What are the top three categories for customers?As follows:
Your existing clients. Because they have already committed to you, these are the most significant customers. Lost Customers. These are the customers who are presently using the goods and services of your rivals.
What two types of clients are there?Customers who are loyal are those who, although being a small fraction of the customer base, account for a sizable portion of sales. Impulse buyers: People who buy things on the spur of the moment without having their eyes set on a certain item.
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what is the over the counter market?select one:a.a stock exchangesb.a decentralized market not listed in an exchangec.feds foreign exchange market
Answer:
b. a decentralized market not listed in an exchange.
Explanation:
The over-the-counter (OTC) market refers to a decentralized marketplace where financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, commodities, and derivatives are traded directly between two parties, without being listed on a formal exchange. In the OTC market, trades are conducted through dealer networks, electronic systems, or other communication methods, allowing for direct transactions between buyers and sellers.
Unlike stock exchanges where trading occurs on a centralized platform with standardized rules and regulations, the OTC market provides more flexibility and customization in the trading process. It allows for the trading of securities that may not meet the listing requirements of formal exchanges or are not actively traded on exchanges.
One prominent example of the OTC market is the trading of over-the-counter stocks (also known as OTC stocks), which are stocks of companies that are not listed on major exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or NASDAQ. Instead, these stocks are traded through dealer networks or electronic platforms.
It's important to note that while the OTC market offers certain advantages such as flexibility and accessibility, it also carries certain risks, including less transparency and regulation compared to exchange-traded markets. Investors should exercise caution and conduct thorough research when participating in OTC trading.
At the start of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, the fed ________ in an attempt to pump reserves into the banking system.
At the start of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, the fed supplied reserves to the banks in an attempt to pump reserves into the banking system. Therefore, the option C holds true.
What is the significance of bank reserves?Bank reserves can be referred to or considered as the free flow of liquid cash that a bank keeps with itself as a part of the emergency situation resolution.
During the time of a financial crisis, the bank reserves are usually down. In this case, the central bank increases the supply of reserves in order to make certain that the banks in the country do not experience a collapse.
Therefore, the option C holds true and states regarding the significance of the bank reserves.
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The question seems to be incomplete. It has been added below.
At the start of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, the fed ________ in an attempt to pump reserves into the banking system.
A. Took debts
B. Printed less currency
C. Supplied reserves
D. Distributed bonds
Generally, it is a sound business practice to take advantage of cash discounts. the money saved by paying invoices promptly is free to be used elsewhere. conversely, there is an implicit (opportunity) cost of foregoing a cash discount. by forgoing a cash discount, the small business owner is, in effect, paying an annual interest rate to retain the use of the discounted amount for the remainder of the credit period.
For example, assume that Jill anticipates she will receive invoices for $500 from the vendors offering cash discounts of 3/10, net 45.
a) how much will Jill save by paying within the discount period?
b) what will it cost Jill to retain the use of credit for 45 days?
c) what is the annual interest rate of the "loan" (ie. what is the annual rate of 3/10, net 45)?
Answer: a. $485
b. $15
c. 32.28%
Explanation:
a. how much will Jill save by paying within the discount period?
3% × $500 = 3/100 × $500 = 0.03 × $500 = $15
The amount saved will be:
= $500 - $15.
= $485
b) what will it cost Jill to retain the use of credit for 45 days?
This will be:
= 3% × $500
= 3/100 × $500
= 0.03 × $500
= $15
c) what is the annual interest rate of the "loan" (ie. what is the annual rate of 3/10, net 45)?
c) The annual interest will be calculated using:
= P x R x T
where,
I = interest = $15
P = principal = $485
R= rate of interest = Unknown
T= time factor = 15/365 = 0.0958
Then, annual Interest rate will be:
R = 15/ (485 x 0.0958)
R = 32.28%
Annual Interest rate is 32.28%
"
the purpose of SHRM is also to develop and maintain an
organisational culture that is progressive and conducive to
business needs"
Elaborate on the relationship between SHRM and culture. 25
marks
Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) plays a vital role in shaping and maintaining the organizational culture of a company. The relationship between SHRM and culture is reciprocal and interconnected, as they both influence and impact each other in various ways.
1. Culture as a Driver of SHRM:
Culture shapes the values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors within an organization. These cultural elements directly impact the strategic decisions made by HR professionals.Organizational culture sets the tone for HR policies, practices, and programs. It influences the design of recruitment processes, performance management systems, training and development initiatives, and employee engagement strategies.HR professionals need to align their strategic decisions with the existing culture to ensure coherence and consistency within the organization.2. SHRM as a Shaper of Culture:
SHRM actively contributes to developing and maintaining the desired organizational culture. It establishes HR policies and practices that promote the desired cultural values.HR professionals design and implement initiatives to reinforce the desired culture, such as employee recognition programs, leadership development programs, and diversity and inclusion initiatives.Through effective talent management, SHRM ensures that individuals who align with the desired culture are recruited, developed, and retained within the organization.3. Impact on Business Needs:
SHRM and culture work together to create an organizational environment that is progressive and conducive to business needs.A strong culture aligned with strategic goals and values can enhance employee engagement, productivity, and satisfaction, leading to improved business performance.SHRM practices that reinforce the desired culture help attract and retain talent that fits well within the organization, contributing to the achievement of business objectives.Learn more about SHRM here:
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For the majority of millennials, the cost of paying off their student loans has wound up holding them back from living on their own, making major purchases like buying home and even being able to start a family…
Trade schools cost a fraction of what public and private schools cost. The average cost of vocational school comes out to around $33,000 – for the entire education. This the average cost of a single year of college.
–"The Financial Case for Trade School Over College," Mel Bondar, US News
According to the text, why is trade school more economical for some students? Select two that apply.
a). The cost of attending trade school is cheaper than the cost of a 4 year college.
b). Trade school graduates make more money than college graduates.
c). The cost of attending a 4 year college is offset by higher earnings in the long run.
d). Students who chose trade school over college often make better financial decisions.
e). Students who graduate from trade school have less debt than college graduates.
Answer:
A) The cost of attending trade school is cheaper than the cost of a 4 year college.
E). Students who graduate from trade school have less debt than college graduates.
Explanation: I just took the test on a virtual course and got it right. Hope this helps :)
Trade school more affordable for some students cost, according to the text A trade school is less expensive to attend than a four-year university. Thus option (a, e) is correct.
What is the cost?A cost is the amount of money that has been spent to produce something or provide a service and is thus no longer accessible for use. In business, the cost could be one of acquisition, in which case the money spent to obtain it is recognized as cost. In this situation, money is the input that is used to purchase the item.
If you set a goal of 5 jars of mayonnaise and only have 2 on hand, you know you need to order 3 more. Private expenses are the costs borne by the buyer of a commodity or service. This is also known as the costs associated with the firm's production function. External costs (also known as externalities) are the costs borne by people other than the buyer.
Therefore, Thus option (a, e) is correct.
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An organization of high school seniors performs services for patients at Leer Hospital. These students are volunteers and perform services that the hospital would not otherwise provide, such as wheeling patients in the park and reading to patients. Leer spent $1,500 on a recognition banquet and awards for these volunteers. Leer has no employer-employee relationship with these volunteers, who donated 4,000 hours of service to Leer during the year. At the minimum wage rate, these services would amount to $20,600, while it is estimated that the fair value of these services was $25,000. In Leer's statement of activities, what amount should be reported for donated services
"An organization of high school seniors performs services for patients at Leer Hospital."The amount that should be reported for donated services is 0$. This is further explained below.
What have donated services?Generally, donated services are simply defined as Contributed premises, advantageous financial agreements, or donated services are all ways in which a nonprofit might benefit from the generosity of others.
In conclusion, free labor, A unique collection of abilities is required, and we were going to buy it anyhow.
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QUESTION 3 of 10: You invest S1,000 in a fund. You check your statement at the end of April and you have lost 13%. When the statement for
May comes, you see you have gained 13% in May, What is the value of your account? Round to the nearest dollar.
Answer:
$983.1
Explanation:
The amount invested is $1000.
By the end of April, 13% had been lost
The amount at the end of April was equivalent to 87%( 100% -13%) of the amount invested.
=87/100 x $1000
=0.87 x $1000
=$870
In may a gain of 13%
The amount at the end of May = $870 + (13% of $870)
= $870 + (13/100 x $870)
=$870 + 113.1
=$983.1
1. Assume that Alice wants to send Bob a message with the confidence that Bob will know the message was not altered while in transit. What goal of cryptography is Alice trying to achieve? And how can it be achieved?
Alice is trying to achieve the goal of ensuring message integrity through cryptography. Message integrity ensures that the message remains intact and has not been altered during transit.
To achieve message integrity, Alice can use a cryptographic technique called message authentication codes (MACs) or digital signatures.
Message Authentication Codes (MACs): Alice can generate a MAC for the message using a symmetric key shared with Bob. The MAC is a small piece of data generated using a cryptographic hash function and the shared key. Alice appends the MAC to the message before sending it to Bob. Upon receiving the message, Bob recalculates the MAC using the same key and verifies that it matches the MAC sent by Alice. If the MACs match, Bob can be confident that the message has not been tampered with.
Digital Signatures: Alternatively, Alice can use digital signatures, which provide message integrity along with authentication. Alice generates a digital signature for the message using her private key (part of a public-private key pair). The signature is unique to the message and provides a cryptographic proof of its integrity. Alice sends both the message and the digital signature to Bob. Upon receiving the message, Bob uses Alice's public key to verify the signature's authenticity and integrity. If the signature is valid, Bob can be confident that the message is unaltered and originated from Alice.
Both MACs and digital signatures provide cryptographic mechanisms to achieve message integrity and assure Bob that the message has not been modified during transit. The choice between MACs and digital signatures depends on the specific requirements and security context of the communication scenario.
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