an npn bjt is made of a semiconductor with electron and hole mobility of 1000 and 500 cm2/vs, and carrier lifetime of 1 micro-second for both electrons and holes for all regions regardless of doping levels. if the doping concentration of the emitter is 10x that of the base, and effective base width is 4 microns, what is the emitter injection efficiency of the transistor?

Note that Option B - ∀x P(x) ∨¬P(x) is a valid sentence.

Option B is known as the law of the excluded middle, which states that for any proposition P, either P is true or its negation, ¬P, is true. This law holds for all values of x, so the statement ∀x P(x) ∨¬P(x) is always true.

An argument is valid if and only if it is required that if all of the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it is impossible that all of the premises are true and the conclusion is false. An invalid argument is one that is not legitimate.

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Answer: In a clean plastic or metal container with a tightly sealed lid

In the radio communication system, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that causes diffusion or reflection in multiple different directions of a signal.

Multipath is a propagation mechanism that impacts the propagation of signals in radio communication. Multipath results in the transmission of data to the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Diffusion and reflection are the causes that create multiple paths for the signal to be delivered.

Diffraction occurs when a signal bends around sharp corners; while reflection occurs when a signal impinges on a smooth object. When a signal is received through more than one path because of the diffraction or reflection, it creates phase shifting and interference of the signal.

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Answer:

letse see

Explanation:

Answer:

(1) 2553 N = 2550 N

(2) 58342 m = 58300 m

(3) 68.534 s = 68.5 s

Explanation:

To round off a number to any significant number start from the last digit, round it off to 1 if the number is up to 5 and to 0 if the last digit is less than 5. Add this 1 or 0 to the preceding digit and continue the process until you are left with three non zero digits, if you are rounding off to three significant figures.

(1) Round off 2553 N to three significant figures.

= 2550 N

(2) Round off 58342 m to three significant figures.

= 58300 m

(3) Round off 68.534 s to three significant figures.

= 68.500 s (zero after decimal point is insignificant)

= 68.5 s

Answer:

Email etiquette is important

Explanation:

It is important to understand how to use correct email etiquette because it helps you communicate more clearly. It also makes you seem a bit more professional too. For example depending in who you're emailing like say you're emailing your teacher for help then here's how it'd go:

Dear(teacher name, capitalize, never use first name unless they allow it)

Hello (teacher name), my name is (first and last name) from your (number class) and I was wondering if you could please help me out with (situation, be clear on what you need help with otherwise it won't get through to them)? If you could that would be greatly appreciated!

Sincerely,

(your name first and last)

Answer:

N0

Explanation:

It does not seem reasonable to expect a tensile stress of 200 MPa to produce a reduction in specimen diameter of 0.08 mm

Given data :

Diameter ( d ) = 10 mm

length ( l ) = 150 mm

elasticity ( ∈ ) = 100 GPa

longitudinal strain ( б ) 200 MPa

Poisson ratio ( μ )  ( assumed ) =0.3

Assumption : deformation totally elastic

attached below is the detailed solution to why it is not reasonable .

The Sd value = 0.08 > the calculated Sd value ( 6*10^-3 ) hence it is not reasonable to expect a tensile stress of 200 MPa to produce a reduction in specimen

Since the 1960s, when light emissions on semiconductors first appeared, homojunction-based optoelectronic components have been produced.

To create a PN junction, two blocks of the same kind but with differing doping are combined to generate these homojunctions. A live powered homojunction structure's bands are depicted in Figure 1.9. In area P, we see that the carriers' recombination is strong. The existence of more electrons (minority carriers) in area P than holes (minority carriers) in region N is explained by the fact that holes have a far lower mobility than electrons. Luminescence is therefore more significant on the P side since the number of recombinations is related to the likelihood of the two types of carriers.

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An engineer would indicate the unit of measurement used in a design in millimeters.

The primary unit of measurement is the stocking unit of measure for a given item in a specific organization. You must define an item attribute that serves as the primary unit of measurement when creating each item.

Because the technical drawings are scaled, engineers, architects, and builders may create the items according to exact specifications.

When understanding scales, the number on the left relates to the measurement of the drawing, while the number on the right represents the actual size of the object.

Therefore, a millimeter is used in a design.

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Find the given attachments for complete explanation

Solution :

Given :

The power of the air‐conditioning (AC) unit is , W = 0.434 kW

The coefficient of performance or the COP of the air‐conditioning (AC) unit is given by  = 6.22

Therefore he heat removed is given by , \($Q_H = 6.22 \times 0.434$\)

                                                                     \($Q_H = 2.7 \ kW $\)

Now if the electricity is valued at  0.10 dollar per kW hour, then the operating cost of the air conditioning unit in 24 hours is given by = 0.10 x 2.7 x 24

                                                                                            = 6.48

Therefore the operating cost = $ 6.48 for 24 hours.

Answer:

σ =5.39Mpa

Explanation:

step one:

The flexure strength is defined as the tendency with which unreinforced concrete yield to bending forces

Flexural strength test Flexural strength is calculated using the equation:

σ = FL/ (bd^2 )----------1

Where

σ = Flexural strength of concrete in Mpa

F= Failure load (in N).

L= Effective span of the beam

b= Breadth of the beam

step two:

Given data

F=40.45 kN= 40450N

b=0.15m

d=0.15m

L=0.45m

step three:

substituting into the expression we have

σ = 40450*0.45/ (0.15*0.15^2 )

σ =18202.5/ (0.15*0.15^2 )

σ =18202.5/ (0.15*0.0225 )

σ =18202.5/0.003375

σ =5393333.3

σ =5393333.3/1000000

σ =5.39Mpa

Therefore the flexure strength of the concrete is 5.39Mpa

Answer:

The voltage drop in wire 1 is more than the voltage drop in wire 2.

The conductivity of wire 1 is less than the conductivity of wire 2.

The power dissipation in wire 1 is less than the power dissipation in wire 2.

Explanation:

The electric field magnitude inside the wire is dependent on the current flow. Voltage drop can cause load regulation errors in wiring. The conductor is then used to maintain the regulated flow of current in the wires. In the given scenario the wire  magnitude is greater than wire 1 magnitude. If the magnitude is smaller there will be less conductivity therefore more voltage drops will be observed.

Answer:

Explanation:

Step one:

given data

V1=0.25m^3

T1=290k

P1=100kPa

V2=0.5m^2

T2=405k

P2=? final pressure

Step two:

The combined gas equation is given as

P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2

Substituting we have

(100*0.25)/290=P2*0.05/405

25/290=0.5P2/405

0.086=0.05P2/405

cross multiply

0.086*405=0.05P2

34.9=0.05P2

divide both sides by 0.05

P2=34.9/0.05

P2=698.3Kpa

Therefore the new pressure is 698.3Kpa when the gas is compressed

The values for the solar flux and heat transfer coefficient of air can vary from place to place and time to time

A late summer day, a concrete sidewalk receives a continuous solar flux of 650 w/m². Assume all of this energy is transferred back into the air (ambient temperature is 25 °C) and that no heat is conducted downward into the sidewalk.

Compute the steady-state surface temperature of the sidewalk assuming that the heat transfer coefficient in the air is given below.

The steady-state surface temperature of the sidewalk is determined by the following formula:

τe = q / σ (T⁴e - Ta⁴)    

Where,

Ta = 25°Cσ = 5.67 x 10⁻⁸ w/m²k⁴q = 650 w/m²

The heat transfer coefficient of air is given as;

h = 10 w/m²kτe = (q / h) + Ta

Putting the values of h, q, and Ta in the above formula,

τe = (650 / 10) + 25τe = 90°CSo,

the steady-state surface temperature of the sidewalk is 90°C.

Note: This type of problem is a simplified model of the real world. Real sidewalks conduct heat into the ground and receive energy from the ground.

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The power factor of the circuit is 0.7071

Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts (kW), to apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). Apparent power, also known as demand, is the measure of the amount of power used to run machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is found by multiplying (kVA = V x A). The result is expressed as kVA units.

Power factor is expressed as the cosine of the phase angle.

The phase angle is given as 45°

Therefore the power factor in the circuit is cos45° = 0.7071

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Answer:

The Dependent Variable is the Effect, Its value depends on changes from the Independent Variable

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the smallest allowable outer diameter (d) of the washers is approximately 50.82 mm, considering the average normal stress in the bolts and the bearing stress between the washers and the planks.

The average normal stress in the bolts is given as 36 MPa, which is equal to 36 N/mm².

So, σ_avg = 36 N/mm² = 36 MPa

The bearing stress between the washers and the planks must not exceed 8.5 MPa, which is equal to 8.5 N/mm².

So, σ_bearing = 8.5 N/mm² = 8.5 MPa

Now, using the relationship between the bearing stress and the average normal stress:

σ_bearing = σ_avg * (d_bolt / d_washer)

8.5 = 36 * (12 mm / d_washer)

Now, solve for d_washer:

d_washer = 36 * 12 mm / 8.5

d_washer =  50.82 mm

Since the washer's inner diameter is 16 mm, the difference between the inner and outer diameters of the washers is 2 * t (the thickness of the washers).

So, d_washer - 16 mm = 2 * t

t = (d_washer - 16 mm) / 2

t ≈ (50.82 mm - 16 mm) / 2

t ≈ 17.41 mm

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The bending moments for the rectangular solid are:

a) M = 256,000 in-lb

b) M = 227,730 in-lb

a) To calculate the allowable bending moment for a solid rectangular timber beam, we can use the formula below:

M = (allowable stress)*(section modulus)

where M is the allowable bending moment and the section modulus is a measure of the beam's resistance to bending.

For a solid rectangular beam with nominal dimensions of 6 inches by 16 inches, the section modulus can be calculated as:

S = (b*h²) / 6

where b is the width of the beam and h is the height.

Substituting the values, we get:

S = (6*6²) / 6

S = 256 in³

Now, we can calculate the allowable bending moment as:

M = (allowable stress)*(section modulus)

M = 1000 psi*256 in³

M = 256,000 in-lb

Therefore, the allowable bending moment for the timber beam with nominal dimensions is 256,000 in-lb.

(b) For dressed dimensions, we need to adjust the section modulus calculation by subtracting the amount of wood that is removed during the dressing process. Assuming that the dressing process removes 1/8 inch from each side, the width and height of the dressed beam would be 5 3/4 inches and 15 1/2 inches, respectively.

Using these dimensions, the section modulus can be calculated exactly like above, but just with the different numbers:

S = (b*h²) / 6

S = (5.75*15.5²) / 6

S = 227.73 in³

Now replace that in the formula

M = 1000 psi x 227.73 in³

M = 227,730 in-lb

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The statement that The different taste qualities (sweet, sour, bitter, salt, umami) each have their own area of the tongue that is most sensitive to them is False.

Gate Theory states that competing signals such as rubbing your elbow can make you more sensitive to pain. This theory suggests that physical signals such as massage, pressure, heat, or cold can block the transmission of pain messages through the spinal cord and prevent them from reaching the brain. Therefore, when people rub their elbows or apply pressure to the area, this stimulates the non-painful touch fibers and decreases the transmission of the painful stimuli.

As per the statement, patients who are allowed to self-administer morphine use less than when they receive injections from healthcare providers is True. Olfaction is a very important sense for humans, and they often become depressed when they lose their sense of smell (olfaction). The statement that The different taste qualities (sweet, sour, bitter, salt, umami) each have their own area of the tongue that is most sensitive to them is False.

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Answer:

In I-Q modulation technique, many symbols or signals with different amplitude and phase are generated. What is the map of all of the symbols called:____.

d. constellation diagram.

Explanation:

A constellation diagram is a representation of all the possible symbols that a system can transmit.  It shows these as a collection of points on the map.  For a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme, the constellation diagram is used to display both the ideal (reference) signal and the actual measured signal on the same plot.  Modulation simply means the process of converting data into electrical signals so that they are optimized for transmission.

Proper, smooth shifting is important because shifting before your vehicle is ready will cause it to je-rk forward and your drive wheels may lock.

A proper, smooth shifting of the gears of an automobile vehicle is very important because shifting them before the vehicle is ready would cause the following:

As a good driver, proper, smooth shifting is important because shifting before your vehicle is ready will cause it to je-rk forward and your drive wheels may lock.

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The term that describes the maximum number of standard logic inputs that an IC output can drive reliably is called fan-out.

Fan-out is the number of inputs that an output can drive without compromising its performance or causing any errors in the system. It is an important consideration when designing digital circuits, as exceeding the maximum fan-out can lead to problems such as signal degradation or voltage drop. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that the fan-out requirements are met when selecting an IC for a particular application. Typically, the maximum fan-out for an IC output is specified in its datasheet, and it can vary depending on the technology used, the supply voltage, and other factors.

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The car slows down and the back brake light will come on when the brake pedal is depressed.

When a car's brake pedal is depressed, braking system calipers are energized by hydraulic pressure, clamping down on the disc brake to slow or stop the car.

The master cylinder is activated when the braking system is depressed, and hydraulic fluid is then transmitted through the brake pedal to both the calipers. The calipers force the brake pads against the rotor under the pressure from the fluid, creating friction that slows or stops the vehicle.

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A high-speed steel tool with an 18° rake angle is used to make an orthogonal cut that is 3.18 mm broad at a speed of 33.5 m/min and feed of 0.25 mm/rev. The cutting force f c is 1,379 n, the thrust force, and the chip thickness ratio r are all found to be 0.58. true

Any carbon steel or alloy that is particularly well suited to being produced into tools and tooling, such as cutting tools, dies, hand tools, knives, and other items, is referred to as "tool steel." Their characteristic hardness, resistance to abrasion and deformation, and capacity to maintain a cutting edge at high temperatures are what make them suitable. Tool steels are therefore suitable for shaping other materials through processes like cutting, machining, stamping, or forging. Tool steels are produced in precisely controlled environments with a carbon content ranging from 0.5% to 1.5% to achieve the desired quality. The characteristics of tool steel are primarily influenced by the presence of carbides in its matrix. The four principal alloying components that result in carbides in tool steel 

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