a sample of einsteinium- decayed to of its original mass after days. T/F

Answer:A heating curve graphically represents the phase transitions that a substance undergoes as heat is added to it. The plateaus on the curve mark the phase changes. The temperature remains constant during these phase transitions.

Answer:

At -20°C the mercury state will be liquid

Explanation:

The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from solid state to a liquid state, and the boiling point is the temperature at which it changes from liquid state to a gaseous state.

If mercury melts at -39°C and boils at 356.9°C, it means that if the temperature is lower than -39°C, mercury will remain al solid state. Between -39°C and 356.9°C, the state of mercury will be liquid and, above 356.9°C mercury will remain at gaseous state.

So, at -20°C the mercury state will be liquid, because that temperature it is between -39°C and 356.9°C.

Answer:

the rock has a greater amount of heat energy which transfers to water causing vaporization.

The overall objective of adsorption is to utilize the properties of adsorbents and adsorbates to achieve desired outcomes, such as purification, separation, catalysis, or storage, by exploiting the interactions occurring at the adsorbent-adsorbate interface.

Example of Chemical Adsorption:

Adsorption of hydrogen on a metal catalyst surface during hydrogenation reactions.

Adsorption of gas molecules on the surface of a solid metal oxide catalyst during oxidation reactions.

Adsorption of pollutants on activated carbon in water or air purification systems.

Adsorption of dyes on the surface of a solid support in dye-sensitized solar cells.

Adsorption of toxins or drugs on activated charcoal for detoxification or medical purposes.

Example of Physical Adsorption:

Adsorption of nitrogen gas on the surface of activated carbon in gas storage applications.

Adsorption of water molecules on the surface of silica gel in humidity control systems.

Adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on zeolite materials for odor control.

Adsorption of gases on the surface of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for gas separation processes.

Adsorption of solutes on the surface of silica particles in liquid chromatography for separation and purification purposes.

The objective of adsorption can vary depending on the application, but some common objectives include:

Removal of pollutants or contaminants from air, water, or other environments.

Separation and purification of specific components from a mixture.

Adsorption of gases for storage or transportation purposes.

Catalytic reactions where adsorbed species react on the surface of a catalyst.

Surface modification or functionalization of materials for specific applications.

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1. The coefficient (green) is 45

2. The exponent (yellow) is 9

To convert from giga grams (Gg) to grams (g), the following coversion scale can be use:

1 Gg = 10⁹ g

With the above convesion scale, we can convert 45 Gg to g as follow

1 Gg = 10⁹ g

Therefore,

45 Gg = 45×10⁹ g

Thus, 45 Gg is equivalent to 45×10⁹ g. Hence, we can conclude as follow:

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The acetamido group (-NHCOCH3) is an ortho, para-directing group because it can donate electron density to the aromatic ring via resonance. The acetamido group is less effective in activating the aromatic ring towards further substitution compared to an amino group (-NH2) due to the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O) in the acetamido group.

1. The acetamido group (-NHCOCH3) is an ortho, para-directing group because it has a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that can participate in resonance with the aromatic ring. This resonance effect stabilizes the positive charge developed during the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction on the ortho and para positions relative to the acetamido group.

2. The acetamido group is less effective in activating the aromatic ring towards further substitution compared to an amino group (-NH2) due to the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O) in the acetamido group. The carbonyl group has a higher electron-withdrawing inductive effect, which weakens the electron-donating capability of the nitrogen atom. Consequently, the overall activating effect of the acetamido group is reduced compared to the amino group, which does not have an electron-withdrawing group attached to it.

In summary, the acetamido group is an ortho, para-directing group due to resonance involving the lone pair on the nitrogen atom, but it is less effective in activating the aromatic ring than an amino group because of the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group present in the acetamido group.

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The acetamido group is an ortho, para-directing group because it contains a lone pair of electrons that can interact with the pi-electron system of the aromatic ring through resonance.

This interaction results in a partial positive charge on the ortho and para positions, making these positions more attractive to electrophilic attack. However, the acetamido group is less effective in activating the aromatic ring towards further substitution than an amino group because the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen of the acetamido group is partially delocalized into the carbonyl group, reducing its availability for resonance with the aromatic ring.

To obtain a pure sample of o-nitroaniline from a mixture with p-nitroaniline using ethanol as the solvent, one possible flow scheme is:

1. Dissolve the mixture of o-nitroaniline and p-nitroaniline in ethanol.

2. Add a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, to the solution to convert the nitro groups to their corresponding sodium salts, which are more soluble in ethanol.

3. Acidify the solution with hydrochloric acid to protonate the amino groups, which will precipitate out the nitroanilines as their hydrochloride salts.

4. Collect the precipitate by filtration and wash with cold ethanol to remove any impurities.

5. Recrystallize the o-nitroaniline hydrochloride from hot ethanol, which will selectively dissolve the o-nitroaniline hydrochloride due to its higher solubility, leaving the p-nitroaniline hydrochloride behind as a solid.

6. Treat the o-nitroaniline hydrochloride with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, to regenerate o-nitroaniline in its free base form.

7. Finally, purify the o-nitroaniline by recrystallization from a suitable solvent, such as ethanol or acetone.

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2.0×10^5 C/mole  is his experimental value for faraday's constant if the student calculates that 800000 coulombs of charge were consumed in the production of the 4 moles of hydrogen

Q=nC

Q=charge

n=moles

C= faraday's constant

put values in equation

C=800000/ 4

C=200000=2.0×10^5 C/mole

The amount of electric charge needed to release one gram equivalent of any ion from an electrolytic solution is measured in faraday, also known as the faraday constant, a unit of electricity used in the study of electrochemical processes. It is named for the 19th-century English physicist Michael Faraday and equals 6.022140857 ×10^23 electrons, or 9.648533289 104 coulombs. It is used in electric solutions.

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Approximately 12.45 grams of solid silver chromate will precipitate when 150 mL of 0.500 M silver nitrate solution is added to excess potassium chromate.

To determine the number of moles of AgNO3 present in 150 mL of a 0.500 M AgNO3 solution, we can use the formula:

moles = concentration × volume

Given:

Concentration of AgNO3 solution = 0.500 M

Volume of AgNO3 solution = 150 mL

First, we need to convert the volume from milliliters (mL) to liters (L) since the concentration is given in moles per liter (M).

1 L = 1000 mL

Therefore, the volume of the AgNO3 solution in liters is:

150 mL × (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.150 L

Now we can calculate the moles of AgNO3 using the formula:

moles = concentration × volume

moles = 0.500 M × 0.150 L

moles = 0.075 mol

So, there are 0.075 moles of AgNO3 present in 150 mL of the 0.500 M AgNO3 solution.

Now, let's proceed to determine how many grams of solid silver chromate (Ag2CrO4) will precipitate when the AgNO3 solution reacts with excess potassium chromate (K2CrO4).

From the balanced chemical equation:

2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) → Ag2CrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

We can see that the molar ratio between AgNO3 and Ag2CrO4 is 2:1. Therefore, for every 2 moles of AgNO3, we will form 1 mole of Ag2CrO4.

Since we have 0.075 moles of AgNO3, we can calculate the moles of Ag2CrO4 formed:

moles of Ag2CrO4 = 0.075 mol / 2 = 0.0375 mol

To determine the mass of Ag2CrO4, we need to multiply the moles by its molar mass. The molar mass of Ag2CrO4 is calculated by summing the atomic masses of each element in the compound:

Ag2CrO4 = 2(Ag) + 1(Cr) + 4(O) = 2(107.87 g/mol) + 1(52.00 g/mol) + 4(16.00 g/mol) = 331.87 g/mol

mass of Ag2CrO4 = moles of Ag2CrO4 × molar mass of Ag2CrO4

mass of Ag2CrO4 = 0.0375 mol × 331.87 g/mol = 12.45 g

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The pressure inside the vessel would be 15 atm if we increased the temperature of the vessel to 450 K at constant volume. As a result, Option D is right.

According to the Ideal Gas Law, the pressure inside the vessel is directly proportional to the temperature (Kelvin) and the number of moles of gas present in the vessel, if the volume is kept constant. In other words, if we increase the temperature of the gas, the pressure inside the vessel will also increase.

The Ideal Gas Law equation is:

Where:

Given that V is constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for P:

Assuming that n and V are constants, then P is directly proportional to T. So, if the temperature increases by a factor of T2/T1, the pressure will increase by the same factor.

Let's say the initial pressure was 10 atm, and the initial temperature was 400 K. Then P1/T1 = 10 atm/400 K.

When the temperature is increased to 450 K, the pressure will become:

So, when the temperature of the vessel is increased to 450 K at constant volume, the pressure inside the vessel will increase, and the answer is "d. 15 atm".

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we should take out from point

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and TCAs both increase the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression, but they differ in their selectivity and side effect profiles.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) both function by affecting the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of depression.

SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline, work by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. By blocking the reuptake process, SSRIs increase the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, enhancing its transmission and improving mood.

On the other hand, TCAs, like amitriptyline and imipramine, inhibit the reuptake of not only serotonin but also other neurotransmitters like norepinephrine. By blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, TCAs increase their availability in the synaptic cleft, which can help regulate mood and alleviate depressive symptoms.

While both SSRIs and TCAs have similar mechanisms of action in terms of inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters, they differ in their selectivity and side effect profiles. SSRIs are generally preferred due to their relatively fewer side effects and better tolerability.

In summary, SSRIs and TCAs both increase the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression, but they differ in their selectivity and side effect profiles.

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Answer:

a. Determine the materials used to make the pots.

Explanation:

Workers digging a tunnel through a city who find some ancient pots decorated with geometric designs will employ the services of a chemist.

The chemist would help to determine the materials which were used to make the pots . This is usually done by various type of experiments and observations. After the constituent of the pot is gotten then more information would be derived from the possible source and use of the pot

Answer:

CaCO3

Explanation:

Pure calcite has the composition CaCO3. However, the calcite in limestone often contains a few percent of magnesium. Calcite in limestone is divided into low-magnesium and high-magnesium calcite, with the dividing line placed at a composition of 4% magnesium. High-magnesium calcite retains the calcite mineral structure, which is distinct from that of dolomite, MgCa(CO3)2.[18] Calcite can also contain small quantities of iron and manganese.[19] Manganese may be responsible for the fluorescence of impure calcite, as may traces of organic compounds

The presence of solid nitrogen on the surface of Pluto indicates that the temperature on its surface is very cold.

Nitrogen is a gas at normal temperatures and pressures, but at the extremely low temperatures found on Pluto's surface (which can be as low as -240 degrees Celsius), nitrogen freezes into a solid.

In fact, the surface of Pluto is covered in a variety of ices, including nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide, which are all gases at normal temperatures and pressures. The fact that these substances are in solid form on the surface of Pluto indicates that the temperature is well below their freezing points.

Therefore, the presence of solid nitrogen is a clear indication that the surface of Pluto is extremely cold, likely well below the freezing point of water and comparable to the coldest temperatures found in the outer solar system.

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Answer: ur mom

Explanation:

u don’t know she could be hot

Taking into account the definition of density, the density of an 20.5 g sample of zinc metal and a volume of 5.5 cm³ is 3.72 g/cm³

Density is a scalar magnitude referring to the amount of mass in a certain volume of a substance or an object.

In other words, the expression for the calculation of density is the quotient between the mass of a body and the volume it occupies:

density= mass÷ volume

In this case, you know that:

Replacing in the definition of density:

density= 20.5 g÷ 5.5 cm³

Solving:

density= 3.72 g/cm³

In summary, the density in this case is 3.72 g/cm³

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The half-life of the reaction at 36°C is 19.2 seconds.

We can use the following equation to determine the  half-life of the reaction at 36°C;

\(t_{1/2}\) = ln(2) / k

where \(t_{1/2}\) is the half-life of the reaction and k is the reaction rate constant at the given temperature.

First, we need to find the reaction rate constant at 36°C. We can use the two rate constants given for 30°C and 42°C and the Arrhenius equation;

ln(k₂/k₁) = (-Ea/R) × (1/T₂ - 1/T₁)

where k₁ and k₂ are the rate constants at temperatures T₁ and T₂, Ea will be the activation energy, R is gas constant, and T is temperature in Kelvin.

We can choose 30°C (303 K) as T₁ and 42°C (315 K) as T₂, and solve for ln(k₂/k₁) to get;

ln(k₂/k₁) = (-Ea/R) × (1/T₂ - 1/T₁)

ln(0.0608/0.0202) = (-Ea/8.314 J/(mol×K)) × (1/315 K - 1/303 K)

Ea ≈ 52.7 kJ/mol

Next, we can use the Arrhenius equation to find the rate constant at 36°C (309 K);

k = A × exp(-Ea/RT)

k = 0.0202 s⁻¹ × exp(-52.7 kJ/mol / (8.314 J/(mol×K) × 309 K))

k ≈ 0.036 s⁻¹

Finally, we can use the half-life equation with this rate constant to find the half-life at 36°C;

\(t_{1/2}\)= ln(2) / k

\(t_{1/2}\) = ln(2) / 0.036 s⁻¹

\(t_{1/2}\) ≈ 19.2 s

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When an unknown amine reacts with an unknown acid chloride, an amide with a molecular mass of 163 g/mol is formed. In the infrared spectrum, important absorptions appear at 1661, 750, and 690 cm.

To determine the structure of the amide, follow these steps:

1. Look at the infrared (IR) spectrum absorptions:
  - 1661 cm: Indicates the presence of a carbonyl (C=O) group, which is common in amides.
  - 750 and 690 cm: Suggest the presence of an aromatic ring.

2. Determine the molecular formula:
  - Using the molecular mass of 163 g/mol, we can use the information from the IR spectrum (amide and aromatic ring) to deduce the molecular formula. One possible formula that fits this information is C9H11NO (M = 163 g/mol).

3. Propose a structure:
  - Based on the molecular formula (C9H11NO) and the functional groups identified in the IR spectrum (amide and aromatic ring), we can propose a structure for the amide. The aromatic ring could be a benzene ring, and the amide group could be attached to one of its carbons. An example of such a structure is N-phenylethanamide.

Remember, there may be other possible structures that fit the given information, but this is a reasonable starting point for further analysis.

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when energy is transferred into or out of a substance, it can either increase or decrease the average kinetic energy of its molecules, which will in turn increase or decrease the substance's freedom of movement.

Molecules in any substance are constantly in motion, vibrating and rotating about their respective centers of mass. This movement is due to the internal energy of the molecule, which is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies. When energy is transferred into or out of a substance, this affects the internal energy of the molecules in the substance, which can change their freedom of movement.The relationship between energy and freedom of movement can be explained in terms of the kinetic theory of matter. This theory suggests that the temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of its molecules. As the temperature of a substance increases, so does the average kinetic energy of its molecules. This increased kinetic energy results in an increase in the speed of molecular motion and, therefore, an increase in freedom of movement. Conversely, as the temperature of a substance decreases, the average kinetic energy of its molecules decreases as well, which results in a decrease in the speed of molecular motion and, therefore, a decrease in freedom of movement. Therefore, when energy is transferred into or out of a substance, it can either increase or decrease the average kinetic energy of its molecules, which will in turn increase or decrease the substance's freedom of movement.

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Answer: B

Explanation:

To determine the current flowing through each resistor in a parallel circuit, we can use Ohm's Law and the concept of equivalent resistance.

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each resistor is the same, while the current is divided among the resistors. We can calculate the current flowing through each resistor using the following formula:

I = V/R

Where:

I is the current flowing through the resistor,

V is the voltage across the resistor, and

R is the resistance of the resistor.

Let's calculate the current flowing through each resistor:

For the 1200 Ω resistor:

I₁ = V/R = 12 V / 1200 Ω = 0.01 A or 10 mA

For the 220 Ω resistor:

I₂ = V/R = 12 V / 220 Ω ≈ 0.055 A or 55 mA

For the 3300 Ω resistor:

I₃ = V/R = 12 V / 3300 Ω ≈ 0.0036 A or 3.6 mA

Therefore, the current flowing through the 1200 Ω resistor is approximately 10 mA, the current flowing through the 220 Ω resistor is approximately 55 mA, and the current flowing through the 3300 Ω resistor is approximately 3.6 mA.

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The molar solubility of a slightly soluble salt will decreases by the addition of an ion that is common to the salt equilibrium.

When a slightly soluble salt is dissolved in water, it forms an equilibrium between the dissolved ions and the solid salt. The addition of an ion that is common to the salt equilibrium will affect the molar solubility due to the common ion effect.

The common ion effect states that the solubility of a salt is reduced when it is in the presence of another source of one of its ions. This is because the added common ion shifts the equilibrium position of the dissolution reaction towards the formation of the solid salt, in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle.

So, when a common ion is added to a solution containing a slightly soluble salt, the molar solubility of the salt:

b. decreases

This is because the equilibrium shifts to form more solid salt, resulting in a lower concentration of dissolved ions in the solution.

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The molar solubility of a slightly soluble salt is decreased by the addition of an ion that is common to the salt equilibrium.

This is because the common ion reduces the concentration of one of the ions involved in the equilibrium, shifting the equilibrium towards the solid phase.

For example, let's consider the equilibrium for the slightly soluble salt AgCl:

AgCl(s) ⇌ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

If we add a solution containing a high concentration of Cl- ions to the solution already containing AgCl, the concentration of Cl- ions will increase. This increase in Cl- concentration will push the equilibrium towards the solid phase, reducing the concentration of Ag+ ions in the solution and decreasing the molar solubility of AgCl.

In general, the effect of a common ion on the solubility of a slightly soluble salt can be described by the common ion effect, which states that the solubility of a salt is decreased by the presence of a common ion in the solution.

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In Li2O, each lithium ion carries a +1 charge, and the oxygen ion carries a -2 charge. The charges of the ions balance each other to give a neutral compound.

The compound Li2O is composed of lithium (Li) and oxygen (O) atoms. Let's determine the charge on each ion in the compound.

Lithium (Li) is a metal from Group 1 of the periodic table, which means it tends to lose one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration. Each lithium atom loses one electron, resulting in a +1 charge. Since there are two lithium atoms in the compound, the total charge contributed by lithium is +2.

Oxygen (O) is a nonmetal from Group 16 of the periodic table, which tends to gain two electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Each oxygen atom gains two electrons, resulting in a -2 charge. Since there is only one oxygen atom in the compound, the total charge contributed by oxygen is -2.

In ionic compounds, the positive and negative charges must balance to achieve overall charge neutrality. In the case of Li2O, the total charge contributed by the two lithium ions (+2) must balance the total charge contributed by the oxygen ion (-2). The simplest way to achieve charge balance is to have two lithium ions (+2) for every one oxygen ion (-2).

To summarize:

Li2O

Lithium ion (Li+): +1 charge

Oxygen ion (O2-): -2 charge

It's important to note that the charges on ions in compounds are determined based on the transfer of electrons between atoms to achieve stable electron configurations.

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The distance between the two points ( 8 , − 5 ) and ( 1 , 1 ) is determined as 9.2 units.

The distance between two points is calculated using the following equation.

for a given points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), the distance, d is;

d = √[(x2-x1)² + (y2 - y1)²]

From the given question;

x1 = 8, y1 = -5

x2 = 1, y2 = 1

distance = √[(1-8)² + (1 - -5)²]

distance = √[(-7)² + (16)²]

distance = 9.22 units

Thus, the distance between the two points ( 8 , − 5 ) and ( 1 , 1 ) is determined as 9.2 units.

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Answer:

c

Explanation:

I know it's c because I have done the test

1. Apple juice has a pH of around 3 and lemon juice has a pH near 2. to neutralize with baking soda lemon juice would need more baking soda because it is more acidic than aple juice. the less  ph present the more baking soda need to neutralize.

2. A "mole" is the quantity of a material that is precisely 6.02214076 X 1023 particles in the International System of Units. Ions, atoms, or molecules might make up the particles.

The number of moles of a solute in a litre of solution is known as molarity (M). The symbol for molarity is M, which stands for mole/liter.

Molarity is a measure of a solution's concentration that is expressed in units of moles per litre. Therefore, molarity is utilised to calculate the solute's volume.

3 Hexane will  dissolve in  ionic salt like LiCl because both of the compound are covalent and non-polar and like dissolves like.

4.Every enzyme has a preferred pH range. Outside of this range, pH changes will limit enzyme activity. Enzymes can denature at extreme pH levels. If there is a substrate available for the enzyme to bind to, increasing the concentration of the enzyme will hasten the process.

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Hence According to VSEPR theory, the CO32-Lewis structure has a trigonal planar molecular shape. The central carbon atom has also undergone sp2 hybridization.

As a result, the oxygen carbon oxygen (O-C-O) atoms have a 120 degree bond angle. In a trigonal planar structure with chemical symmetry D3h, it is made up of one carbon atom encircled by three oxygen atoms. The molecular weight of it is 60.01 g/mol Carbonate Ion (CO32) - Chemistry LibreTexts. Toggles Chapter Table menu, and a formal fee of two in total. Due to the sp2 hybridization of the carbon atom with the CO23 ion, the bond angle is 120°. Non-polar describes the carbonate ion.Resonance and its symmetry are responsible for this. Trigonal planar geometry is seen in the carbonate ion.

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Using the equations for the ionization of each proton (H+) :

k1 = 2.5x10^-4 and k2 = 2.5x10^-7. (for H₃AsO₄, ka1 = 2.5x10-4. ka2 = 5.6x10-8, ka3 = 3.0x10-13)

k1 and k2 for H₃AsO₄, we need to use the equations for the ionization of each proton (H+):

H₃AsO₄ + H₂O ⇌ H₃O+ + H₂AsO₄⁻   (Ka1)

H₂AsO₄⁻ + H₂O ⇌ H₃O+ + HAsO₄²⁻  (Ka2)

Ka1 = [H₃O+][H₂AsO₄⁻]/[H₃AsO₄]

2.5x10^-4 = [H₃O+][H₂AsO₄⁻]/[H₃AsO₄]

Ka2 = [H₃O+][HAsO₄²⁻]/[H₂AsO₄⁻]

5.6x10^-8 = [H₃O+][HAsO₄²⁻]/[H₂AsO₄⁻]

Since we are given the concentrations of H₃AsO₄, H₂AsO₄⁻, and HAsO₄²⁻ are initially negligible, we can assume that the concentrations of H₃O+ and H₂AsO₄⁻ are equal to x at equilibrium. Then, the concentration of HAsO₄²⁻ at equilibrium is (x^2)/[H₃AsO₄].

Using these assumptions and solving the equations for x, we get:

Ka1 = x^2/[H₃AsO₄] = x^2/(0.1 M) = 2.5x10^-4

x^2 = 2.5x10^-5

x = 5.0x10^-3 M

Ka2 = x^2/[H₂AsO₄⁻] = (5.0x10^-3 M)^2/(0.1 M) = 2.5x10^-7

Therefore, k1 = 2.5x10^-4 and k2 = 2.5x10^-7.

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Answer:

2H+0 =H2O

Explanation:

May this help you

Answer: the answer is B: Minerals dissolve and crystallize! :D

Explanation: hope this helps!