5. given a diploid cell at the beginning of meiosis, be able to draw the idea of independent assortment and crossing over that both generate genetic variety in product cells.
Answers
A diploid cell at the beginning of meiosis, the combination of crossing over and independent assortment results in a wide range of genetic variability in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms.
To illustrate the concept of independent assortment and crossing over in a diploid cell undergoing meiosis, follow these steps:
1. Begin with a diploid cell containing two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one pair from each parent. For simplicity, let's label them Aa and Bb.
2. In the first stage of meiosis, Prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrads. During this phase, crossing over occurs: segments of DNA are exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, creating genetic variety.
3. During Metaphase I, the tetrads line up along the equator of the cell, with the orientation of each chromosome pair being random. This is where independent assortment takes place, as the maternal and paternal chromosomes have equal chances of aligning on either side of the cell.
4. Anaphase I follows, with the homologous chromosome pairs being pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell.
5. The cell then undergoes cytokinesis, resulting in two haploid daughter cells, each with a unique combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
6. In the second stage of meiosis, the two haploid daughter cells undergo Meiosis II, which resembles mitosis. Sister chromatids separate, and the cells undergo cytokinesis again.
7. The end product is four genetically distinct haploid cells, each with unique combinations of chromosomes due to independent assortment and crossing over.
In summary, independent assortment and crossing over both generate genetic variety in product cells during meiosis. Independent assortment occurs during Metaphase I, where homologous chromosomes randomly align along the cell's equator while crossing over takes place during Prophase I, where segments of DNA are exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. These processes ultimately result in four genetically diverse haploid product cells.
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Related Questions
Draw a simple diagram focusing on these steps of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Show glycolysis proceeding Down the page on the right. Show gluconeogenesis proceeding UP the page on the left. Include the key metabolite and the two names of the dual functioning enzyme – one name on right and one on left appropriately based on how it would enhance either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. Indicate the key metabolite as either Activator or Inhibitor with a simple + or – on the diagram.
Answers
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as the key metabolites and enzymes involved in each process.
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in cellular respiration.
It involves the conversion of glucose (6-carbon sugar) to pyruvate (2-carbon molecule) and the production of ATP (energy) and NADH (electron carrier).
The key metabolite is glucose, and the dual functioning enzyme is hexokinase, which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
Glycolysis is inhibited by high concentrations of glucose.
Gluconeogenesis:
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver and kidneys and is the process of converting non-carbohydrate molecules into glucose.
It involves the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules (such as lactate, glycerol, and alanine) to glucose and the production of ATP and NADH.
The key metabolite is pyruvate, and the dual functioning enzyme is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), which converts pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
Glycolysis is promoted by low concentrations of glucose.
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Mini Brain ProjectDirections: Conduct research on a selected brain area or structure. Areas and structures available for research include: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, Broca’s area, OR Wernicke’s area. Conduct research using scholarly Internet sources, library sources, and the textbook. What are its major functions? What techniques are used to view or measure it?What other structures is it near?What other structures help or perform similar functions?
Answers
Parietal lobe is one of the main lobes in the brain which is located at the upper back area in the skull. It process sensory information that it accepted from the outside world that is associated to touch, taste, and temperature. The techniques used to view the parietal lobe are Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Parietal lobe is near the top and center of the cerebral cortex just at the back of the frontal lobe and at the top of the occipital and temporal lobes.
The occipital lobe help the parietal lobe in visual perception and processing including spatil navigation and reasoning.
Using the drop-down menus below, identify the processes cells use to maintain homeostasis.
A. is the movement of water along the concentration gradient.
B. is the use of energy to move particles against the concentration gradient.
C. is the movement of particles by diffusion without energy.
D. is the movement of particles along the concentration gradient.
Answers
The processes cells use to maintain homeostasis.
1. Osmosis 2. Active transport i3. Passive transport 4. Diffusion
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the an organism or system's ability to maintain a stable internal environmnt regardless of changes in the environment around it.
Orgaisms achieve homeostasis through the cordination of various physiological and bio-chemical mechanisms that work to maintain a constant balnce of parameters like temperature, pH, and blood sugar levels.
Homeostasis is vital in the survival and proper functioning of organisms.
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PLEASE HELP ANYONE
Bell Ringer Question
Instructions
Bear
个
Trout
个
Fly
In this simple food in the organism that convertor energy into a chemical energy is missing. That
would be the
Answers
Green plants are capable of transforming solar energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis.
This occurs in their chloroplasts, where solar radiation is taken in and transformed into chemical energy which is stored as sugar molecules. Photosynthesis requires the absorption of light energy from the sun by the chlorophyll within the plant's cells and the conversion of this energy into chemical energy.
This chemical energy is then used to generate sugar molecules which the plant can use for its growth and development. Photosynthesis is a crucial process in the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy and is vital for the survival of green plants.
Complete Question:
Which of the following convert solar energy into chemical energy?
A. Herbivores
B. Carnivorous
C. Green plants
D. Saprophytes
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How are mutations and meiosis similar?
Answers
Answer:
Mutations can occur before,during and after mitosis and meiosis if a mutation occurs in cells that will make gametes by meiosis or during meiosis itself it can be passed on to off spring and contribute to genetic variability of the population.
may be this was ur answer of ur question.
Mutations and meiosis are in that they both produce genetic variation
in organisms.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that involves the production of sex cells or in sexual reproduction. They produce unique daughter cells and in situations where there is a mutation in this process, it is usually passed to the offspring which leads to genetic variation.
Mutations are also usually passed to the daughter cells as it occurs in their
cells during reproduction which makes it similar with meiosis in the area of
genetic variation.
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state four reasons why public participation is important in ensuring sustainable provision of services to the community
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The four reasons why public participation is important in ensuring sustainable provision of services to the community are;
- It helps to gain a better understanding of the community’s needs and aspirations
- Diverse perspectives empower decision-making
- Community engagement increases transparency;
- Community engagement helps your initiative to run smoothly
What is the Importance of Community Engagement?
The four reasons why public participation is important in ensuring sustainable provision of services to the community are;
1) It helps to gain a better understanding of the community’s needs and aspirations; This is because It’s involves an ongoing dialogue between decision-makers and stakeholders whereby community-led conversation, decision-makers get to understand what people like or dislike about their community and the initiatives that could impact it
2) Diverse perspectives empower decision-making; This is so because having more perspectives increases the chances of the best input.
3) Community engagement increases transparency; This helps to make the decision makers accountable
4) Community engagement helps your initiative to run smoothly
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HELPPPP PLEASE ITS DUE IN LIKE 15 minutes..... please helppp
Answers
Answer:
2 Should be b, 3 Should be a and 6 Should be e
Explanation:
I aced my biology final
_____ increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and decreases the resting heart rate
Answers
Answer:
Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise
Explanation:
Peptide growth factors act through which of the following types of signal receptors? G protein-coupled receptors O ligand-gated ion channels O receptor tyrosine kinases intracellular receptors
Answers
Peptide growth factors act through receptor tyrosine kinases types of signal receptors. Peptide growth factors are substances that control cell growth and differentiation in multicellular organisms.
Peptide growth factors stimulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as the synthesis of extracellular matrix components, and are essential for the growth and maintenance of normal tissues. Increased cellular proliferation, a fundamental feature of cancer, has been linked to increased peptide growth factor synthesis and release by the host. Peptide growth factor receptors are a vital component of the intracellular signaling systems that control gene expression and cell behavior in response to various extracellular stimuli. Receptor tyrosine kinases have intracellular tyrosine kinase activity, which is activated when peptide growth factors bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor.
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how can microscopes help you see cells? first, think of a. good place to collect a sample of cells
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Microscopes helps to see cells by magnifying the sample using the different magnification strength of lens.
Microscopes- A laboratory tool called a microscope is used to look at items that are too tiny to be seen with the human eye. The study of tiny objects and structures under a microscope is known as microscopy. The microscope has 4 objective lenses: Scanning (4x), Low (10x), High (40x), and Oil Immersion (100x).
Cell- The analysis of structure and function of cells is known as cell biology, and it is based on the idea that a cell is the basic building block of all life. A thorough grasp of an organisms and tissues that cells make up is made possible by concentrating on the cell.
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Sam is investigating the factors that affect photosynthesis. She keeps some plants in the dark for 24–48 hours. They receive no light. What does this remove from the plants?
Answers
Keeping the plants in the dark for 24-48 hours removes the source of light from the plants.
Light is one of the essential factors required for the process of photosynthesis in plants.
During photosynthesis, plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process takes place in specialized cell structures called chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll that captures light energy.By depriving the plants of light for an extended period, the plants are unable to carry out photosynthesis. As a result, they are unable to generate the energy-rich molecules necessary for their growth, development, and survival.Without the presence of light, plants cannot perform the chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis and cannot produce the required carbohydrates and other organic compounds.Thus, the plant's source of light is removed by keeping them in the dark for 24 to 48 hours.
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Freedman Flowers stock has a 50% chance of producing a 25% return, a 30% chance of producing a 10% return, and a 20% chance of producing a -28% return. What in the film's expected rate of re Ca.9.415 Ob. 9.9006 Cc. 9.65 Od. 10.15%
Answers
The expected rate of return of Freedman Flowers is 9.9%.
Expected rate of return is the sum of the multiplication of each possible return with its corresponding probability of occurrence. Freedman Flowers' stock has a 50% chance of producing a 25% return, a 30% chance of producing a 10% return, and a 20% chance of producing a -28% return. The expected rate of return of Freedman Flowers can be calculated as follows:
Expected rate of return = (Probability of return 1 × Return 1) + (Probability of return 2 × Return 2) + (Probability of return 3 × Return 3)
Therefore, the expected rate of return of Freedman Flowers is:
Expected rate of return = (0.5 × 25%) + (0.3 × 10%) + (0.2 × -28%)
Expected rate of return = 12.5% + 3% - 5.6%
Expected rate of return = 9.9%
Therefore, the expected rate of return of Freedman Flowers is 9.9%.Option B, 9.9006 is the closest to the calculated expected rate of return.
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Even though they have several differences, a bacterium and a human cell will both contain DNA. With respect to evolution, what does this fact suggest?
Answers
Answer:
the fact that they both contain DNA in the nucleus of their cells, this suggests that they had a common ancestor they evolved from.
The fact that they both contain DNA in the nucleus of their cells, this suggests that they had a common ancestor they evolved from.
What are the features of DNA?Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction.
DNA is a complex, long-chained molecule that contains the genetic blueprint for building and maintaining all living organisms. Found in nearly all cells, DNA carries the instructions needed to create proteins, specific molecules essential to the development and functioning of the body.
DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins.
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in eukaryotes but not prokaryotesB. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in prokaryotes but not eukaryotesC. All of the processes occur in the same site in the cell for prokaryotes and eukaryotesD. mRNA is processed before translation in prokaryotes but not eukaryotesE. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Answers
Transcription and translation are processes that happens in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but in eukaryotic cells they take place in different sites than in prokaryotic cells. Therefore, C is incorrect.
In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is extensively processed before it is ready to be translated, not in prokaryotic cells. Therefore, D is incorrect as well.
In eukaryotic cells, transcription and translation are separate processes, transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation both takes place in the cytoplasm, being a continuous process. Therefore, A is incorrect, E is wrong too and the correct answer is B. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes.
What is a limitation of the bell jar model when modelling ventilation?
Answers
One limitation of the bell jar model when modeling ventilation is its oversimplified representation of real-world conditions. The bell jar model assumes a uniform and consistent distribution of airflow within the enclosed space, disregarding factors such as complex air currents, turbulence, and variations in temperature and humidity. In reality, ventilation dynamics are influenced by a range of factors, including room geometry, furniture placement, and occupancy patterns, which cannot be accurately captured by the simplistic bell jar model. This oversimplification may lead to inaccurate predictions or underestimation of ventilation rates in real-life scenarios.
Another limitation is the lack of consideration for external influences on ventilation. The bell jar model typically assumes a closed system, neglecting the impact of external factors such as wind, temperature differentials, and outdoor air quality. In real environments, these external influences play a crucial role in ventilation dynamics. Wind direction and speed, for instance, can significantly affect the inflow and outflow of air in a building. Temperature differences between indoor and outdoor environments can drive natural ventilation processes. Ignoring these external factors in the bell jar model may result in unrealistic estimations of ventilation rates and limit its applicability to real-world scenarios.
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7. The diagram below represents the construction of a model of an elliptical orbit of a planet traveling
around a star. The focal point and the center of the star represent the foci of the orbit.
The eccentricity of this orbit is approximately
A) 0.3
B) 0.8
C) 1.3
D) 0.5
Answers
The diagram below represents the construction of a model of an elliptical orbit of a planet traveling around a star. The focal point and the center of the star represent the foci of the orbit. The eccentricity of the elliptical orbit of a planet orbiting around a star is approximately (D) 0.5.
An elliptical orbit is an orbit where an object revolves around another object in an elliptical or oval shape and moves in an elliptical path. There are two foci in an elliptical orbit, with the star's center being the other focus. The foci of an ellipse are the points where the distance from the center of the ellipse to each focus point added up is constant, and is equal to the major axis of the ellipse.
The eccentricity of an elliptical orbit is a measure of how elongated the ellipse is. The distance between the foci is divided by the length of the major axis to calculate the eccentricity. An eccentricity of 0 indicates that the orbit is circular, whereas an eccentricity of 1 indicates that the orbit is a straight line.
The formula for eccentricity is e = c/a where c is the distance between the center and each focus, and a is the length of the major axis. Based on the given diagram, we can estimate the length of c and a. The major axis is the longest line in the ellipse, which passes through the center of the ellipse.
Therefore, we can measure the length of a by measuring the length of the major axis. Based on the diagram, the length of the major axis is approximately 8.6 centimeters. To calculate c, we need to measure the distance between the center and each focus.
Based on the diagram, the distance between the center and each focus is approximately 3.5 centimeters. Thus, c is approximately 7 centimeters (3.5 x 2). e = c/a = 7/8.6 ≈ 0.81 The eccentricity of the elliptical orbit is approximately 0.8, according to the calculation. The correct answer is D.
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Which of the following is not true
about antibodies?
A. They are proteins
B. They destroy pathogens
C. They are produced by
plasma cells
D. They are stored in vacuoles
NEED ASAP!!!
Answers
Antibodies are not stored in vacuoles. They are found in the blood, lymph, and other body fluids. Hence option D is correct.
Antibodies are proteins that are produced by plasma cells in response to an infection. They bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, which helps to destroy them.
The other choices are all true about antibodies.
A. They are proteins. Antibodies are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
B. They destroy pathogens. Antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, which helps to destroy them.
C. They are produced by plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for producing antibodies.
Therefore, option D) They are stored in vacuoles is correct.
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distinguish these terms
taxonomy and phylogeny
Answers
Answer:
Taxonomy is the science/study of classification. Phylogeny is the science/study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Answer:
Taxonomy is the study of classification. Phylogeny is the study of relationships between organisms
which small cavity is used as a passageway for air and food
Answers
Answer:
Pharynx
Explanation:
The throat, or pharynx, its bassically a tube that is muscilar, and is a passageway for like, food, liquids and air!
Food remains between the cheek and the teeth/gums after the swallowing process is called:______.
Answers
Food remains between the cheek and the teeth/gums after the swallowing process is called oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.
Explain about oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.The bolus is voluntarily moved during the oral phase into the oropharynx.The first stage of deglutition is the oral portion of swallowing, which is a voluntary activity. Another name for it is the buccal phase.In order to do this, the tongue must contract in order to force the bolus posteriorly into the oropharynx and then up against the soft palate.The bolus moves involuntarily from the oropharynx into the esophagus during the pharyngeal phase.The pharyngeal step of swallowing comes next. The pharyngeal phase is an involuntary procedure, in contrast to the oral phase. The tongue is first obstructing the oral cavity. Then, by raising the soft palate, the nasopharynx is separated from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx soft palate and its uvula. The bolus moves involuntarily through the esophagus and into the stomach during the esophageal phase.The esophageal phase is the last stage of deglutition. This process, like the pharyngeal phase, is uncontrollable.Learn more about pharyngeal Here
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If 32% of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule are guanine, what percentage of the
nucleotides will be thymine?
Answers
Answer:
18% T (Thymine). pls brainliesttt
In a DNA sample according to Chargaff's rule adenine amount is always equal to thymine and guanine is always equal to cytosine, hence 18% will be thymine.
What is Chargaff's rule in DNA?In DNA simple adenine always pair with thymine and guanine paired with cytosine and both pair contribute to 50% for each.
If guanine is 32% so cytosine s also 32% in a sample and both make 64% of the nucleotides in the sample so the remaining nucleotide pair 36% is contributed by adenine 18% and thymine 18% in DNA.
Complementary base pairing adenine makes two hydrogen bond with thymine and guanine make three hydrogen bond with cytosine.
Therefore due to complementary base pairing, it simply has 32% of guanine so it includes 18% of thymine.
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Which vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstrict in resporise to epinephrine and norepinephrine? a. syntemic arterioles b. capillaries c. musculst arteries d. venules
Answers
Musculst arteries vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstrict in resporise to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Hence, the correct option is (c).
The vessels that increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstrict in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine are the muscular arteries. These arteries have a thick layer of smooth muscle in their walls, which allows them to constrict or dilate in response to various stimuli. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it releases norepinephrine and epinephrine, which bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the muscular arteries. This causes the smooth muscle cells to contract, leading to vasoconstriction and an increase in peripheral resistance. Vasoconstriction of the muscular arteries helps to maintain blood pressure during times of stress or physical activity. By constricting the arteries, the body can redirect blood flow to areas where it is needed most, such as the muscles, heart, and brain. However, chronic vasoconstriction of the muscular arteries can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure) and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle and manage stress to help prevent chronic vasoconstriction of the muscular arteries.
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How does DNA code for proteins in a cell? SC.912.L.16.3
Answers
Answer: DNA is kind of like the "blueprint" for the creation of a protein. It holds all the information for the making of a protein cell
Explanation: mRNA is a copy of the DNA and this copy then leaves the nucleus, into the cytoplasm, and to the ribosomes where the mRNA is then translated by tRNA codons to turn it into amino acids, and these amino acids are then raveled up into a protein cell. You can't have a protein cell without your DNA.
what would most likely happen to producer populations and consumer populations in an ecosystem if all decomposers in an ecosystem were removed.
Answers
Answer:
Wastes and the remains of dead organisms would pile up and the nutrients within the waste and dead organisms would not be released back into the ecosystem. Producers would not have enough nutrients. Essentially, many organisms could not exist
PLS ANSWER 50 POINTS!! MARKING BRAINLIEST!!! (ANSWER ALL OR I'LL BE POSTING THE THREE QUESTION INDIVIDUALLY, IF YOU DON'T KNOW ALL OF THEM)
Describe what the purpose of your reforestation efforts is in combating climate change and describe how it works
Identify the part(s) of the world that are currently planning or doing reforestation efforts
Explain how reforestation efforts will directly combat climate change (how will the action reduce the causes and/or negative effects of climate change)
Answers
Answer:
Reforestation offers one of the best ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, turning it into solid carbon through photosynthesis and storing it in tree trunks, branches, roots, and soil.
The countries that have the most forest-ready land are: Russia, Canada, Brazil, Australia, United States and China. The four major strategies are: Increase the amount of forested land through reforestation. Increase density of existing forests at a stand and landscape scale.
We estimate that reforestation since 2000 is on pace to remove 103 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere between 2020-2050. Increasing the pace of tropical reforestation would remove substantial amounts of additional carbon dioxide at low cost.
I hope this is correct, and it helps.
Question 3 (2 points) How does Sally fail Esperanza in the vignette "Red Clowns"?
A.) Sally tricks Esperanza into riding the tilt-a-whirl when Esperanza does not want to.
B.) When Esperanza calls for Sally to help her, Sally does not come.
C.) Esperanza trusted Sally, but she realizes that Sally and the boys have been making jokes about her behind her back.
D.) Sally promises Esperanza that she is going to start making better choices, but she doesn't actually change at all.
Answers
Atrium In the story "Red Buffoons" from the chapter "The Red Clowns," Sally deceives Esperanza. Sally ignores Esperanza's request for assistance when she hears her calling.
Esperanza blames Sally in Red Clowns, but why?Isabel says this in "Red Clowns" after being sexually abused by a bunch of lads at a carnival. Instead of condemning the boys who assaulted Sally and caused her harm and anguish, she reiterates her claim that her buddy lied.
What else does Betty do that Esperanza finds offensive?Esperanza accuses Sally of leaving her defenseless after being attacked by a bunch of boys. She is also upset with Sally for misinforming her about romance and sex. Esperanza put herself in harm's way by admiring and following Sally.
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how many known enzymes are there in human body
Answers
Answer:
there are about approximately 1300 enzymes found in the Human body
Why are mutations a significant component of evolution and natural selection?
Answer
A
Mutations occur when a population needs a new trait to survive.
B
Mutations are the only source for new alleles in a population’s gene pool.
C
Mutations occur when a species population has become too large.
D
Mutations are a major source of extinction for various species
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
process of elimination. The other ones were wrong tbh. Also, in natural selection genetic variation/mutations are a HUGE FACTOR according to darwins 3 principles of evolution.
What are the think discs between vertebrae made up of?
cartilage
joints
ligaments
Answers
Answer: Annulus fibrous and a nucleus pulposus
Explanation: An outer ring of fibrous cartilage termed the annulus fibrous, which surrounds a more gelatinous core known as the nucleus pulposus; the nucleus pulposus is sandwiched inferior and superiorly by cartilage end-plates.
Answer:
cartilage
Explanation:
So what is catalyst?
Answers
Answer:
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
"chlorine acts as a catalyst promoting the breakdown of ozone"
a person or thing that precipitates an event.
"the governor's speech acted as a catalyst for debate"
Explanation:
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