1. Describe the structural and functional features of enzymes and state why cells need them; describe how enzymes lower activation energy; define coenzymes and their functions.
Answers
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
They are usually proteins, although some enzymes are made up of RNA molecules. Enzymes have a highly specific three-dimensional structure that allows them to recognize and bind to specific substrates, which are the reactant molecules that the enzyme acts upon.
The active site of an enzyme is a region on the enzyme's surface that specifically binds to the substrate and catalyzes the chemical reaction. The precise structure of the active site is crucial to the enzyme's function, and any changes to the active site can cause the enzyme to lose its activity or become completely inactive.
Cells need enzymes because they allow the cell to carry out metabolic processes at a much faster rate than would be possible without them. Enzymes are also specific to certain reactions and substrates, which allows cells to control the direction and rate of chemical reactions in order to maintain homeostasis.
Coenzymes are non-protein molecules that are required for some enzymes to function. They often act as carriers of small molecules or electrons, which are necessary for the enzyme to catalyze the reaction. Examples of coenzymes include NAD+ and FAD, which are involved in redox reactions, and ATP, which is involved in energy transfer reactions. Coenzymes are usually small molecules, and their presence or absence can regulate enzyme activity.
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Related Questions
When the E. coli grew in the anaerobic jar, how did these bacteria obtain energy? Decomposition of oxygen radicals Transport of hydrogen ions Aerobic respiration
Answers
When E. coli bacteria grow in an anaerobic jar, meaning an environment without oxygen, they cannot utilize aerobic respiration to obtain energy. Aerobic respiration is a process that requires oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP.
When E. coli grows in an anaerobic environment, it obtains energy through anaerobic respiration. This process involves the decomposition of organic compounds without the use of oxygen, resulting in the production of energy and other byproducts. During anaerobic respiration, E. coli breaks down molecules such as glucose and other carbohydrates, releasing energy through a series of chemical reactions. This process generates ATP, which the bacteria use for various metabolic processes. Unlike aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration does not require the use of oxygen, making it a useful strategy for bacteria that live in environments with low oxygen levels.
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POS
The following graph represents which ecological process
size (N)
Population sa
time
O overshoot.
Ο Ο Ο
O carrying capacity
O limiting factor.
O evolution
Answers
The diagram right shows parts of the human brain.
What part of the brain is the temporal lobe?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answers
how does the diaphragm help the alveoli do their job during respiration
Answers
Answer:
The diaphragm works together with the intercostal muscles of the ribs to help the alveoli by expanding the chest cavity, thus increasing the volume. As the volume of the chest cavity increases the pressure inside it drops, allowing air from outside the body to be pulled in and fill the lungs/alveoli.
The diaphragm helps the alveoli during respiration by creating changes in air pressure that facilitate the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the chest cavity, separating the thoracic (chest) cavity from the abdominal cavity. During respiration, the diaphragm plays a crucial role in facilitating the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This expansion of the thoracic cavity lowers the air pressure within the lungs, creating a partial vacuum. As a result, air from the external environment, which has a higher pressure, rushes into the lungs through the airways and eventually reaches the alveoli.
Alveoli are small, thin-walled sacs located at the ends of the bronchioles in the lungs. They are the primary sites of gas exchange, where oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide, a waste product, diffuses out of the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled.
The movement of the diaphragm creates changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity, causing air to move into the lungs and reach the alveoli. As the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, increasing the air pressure within the lungs. This higher pressure forces air out of the lungs and out through the airways during exhalation.
In summary, the diaphragm's contraction and relaxation create changes in air pressure that enable air to be drawn into the alveoli during inhalation and expelled from the alveoli during exhalation. This process facilitates efficient gas exchange between the alveoli and the bloodstream, allowing oxygen to be taken in and carbon dioxide to be eliminated from the body.
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Yeast must be alive because they produce wastes in the form of carbon dioxide gas
Answers
Yeast, a type of microorganism, is indeed alive as it exhibits characteristics of living organisms such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
In the process of fermentation, yeast converts sugars into energy for its growth and reproduction. During this process, yeast also produces waste products, one of which is carbon dioxide gas (CO2).
Fermentation begins when yeast consumes sugars, typically glucose or fructose, and breaks them down into two molecules of pyruvate through glycolysis.
The pyruvate is then converted into ethanol and CO2. This release of CO2 gas is an essential byproduct, as it indicates that the yeast is alive and actively metabolizing the sugars.
In summary, yeast is a living organism that grows, metabolizes, and reproduces. Its production of carbon dioxide gas as a waste product during fermentation confirms its status as a living organism.
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Explain the supercontinent cycle in your own words.
Answers
Answer: The supercontinent cycle is the quasi-periodic collection and dispersal of Earth's continental crust. There are different theories as to whether the volume of continental crust is rising, fading, or lingering about the same, but it is accepted that the Earth's crust is constantly moving.
Abc gene produces mRNA encoding the ABC protein ZBP1 protein binds Abc mRNA and prevents its translation MP (motor protein) transports ZBP1-bound mRNA to its destination Src protein is located at the destination and causes ZBP1 to dissociate from mRNA, allowing it to be translated Anull mutation in which of these genes would cause ABC protein to be produced at normal levels but in the wrong location? Src ZBP1 MP Abc or ZBP1 MP or ZBP1 What type of mutation would interfere with the attenuation mechanism in the tryptophan operon?
Answers
Annull mutation in which of these genes would cause ABC protein to be produced at normal levels but in the wrong location is MP. The main answer is MP.
ABC gene produces mRNA encoding the ABC protein, and ZBP1 protein binds Abc mRNA and prevents its translation. MP (motor protein) transports ZBP1-bound mRNA to its destination, while Src protein is located at the destination and causes ZBP1 to dissociate from mRNA, allowing it to be translated.
In a mutation, the characteristics of DNA are altered, resulting in different genes being expressed or the production of altered proteins. A mutation in the MP gene can cause the protein to be produced at normal levels but in the wrong location. As a result, mRNA bound with ZBP1 would not be transported to its destination.
The type of mutation that would interfere with the attenuation mechanism in the tryptophan operon is the deletion mutation. In the tryptophan operon, the attenuation mechanism is used to regulate the synthesis of tryptophan. When the tryptophan levels are low, the operon is activated, and transcription takes place, allowing the synthesis of tryptophan. When tryptophan levels are high, the attenuation mechanism is activated, and transcription is halted. A deletion mutation, which removes one or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence, can interfere with the folding of RNA, resulting in a premature termination of transcription, which will cause attenuation to fail.
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Write an essay describing your chosen genetic disorder. Include information about the genetic mutation that cause the disorder the effects and symptoms of the mutation how it is acquired and how common it is
Answers
A genetic disease is a condition that, entirely or in part, results from a change in the usual DNA sequence.
Sickle cell anemia is one of the inherited illnesses. The structure of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to every part of the body, is impacted.Typically rounded and flexible, red blood cells may flow through blood veins with ease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by red blood cells having crescent-shaped or sickle-shaped hemoglobin. These sickle cells also form a tough, sticky covering that may slow or prevent blood flow. Cause: A mutation in both copies of the hemoglobin-Beta gene (HBB) gene on chromosome 11 results in the hereditary illness sickle cell disease (SCD). An element of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, is encoded by this gene. Because of the mutation, hemoglobin molecules clump together to form red blood cells with a sickle shape.Symptoms: Anemia, Periodic episodes of extreme pain, Swelling of hands and feet, Frequent infections, Delayed growth or puberty and Vision problems.You receive 1 set each from your father and mother as inheritance. A kid must receive a copy of the sickle cell gene from both of its parents in order to be born with sickle cell disease. This often occurs when both parents have the sickle cell trait, commonly known as being "carriers" of the sickle cell gene.Learn more about the Genetic disorder with the help of the given link:
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Tests containing ambiguous stimuli, such as word-association tests and ink blots, are examples of?
Answers
Tests containing ambiguous stimuli, such as word-association tests and ink blots, are examples of B) projective techniques.
What is projective techniques?Respondents can project their real or subjective ideas and beliefs onto other persons or even inanimate things using projective techniques. From what the respondent says about other people, one might therefore infer the respondent's true feelings.
Typically, projective techniques are applied in one-on-one or small-group interviews. A form of personality testing known as projective approaches involves giving the subject of the test a straightforward, unstructured task with the intention of revealing personality traits.
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missing options;
A) observational techniques
B) projective techniques
C) depth interviews
D) mechanical observation tests
E) physiological observation tests
how should the neck be massaged in relation to the flow of blood? a. movements should follow the flow of the jugular veins downward. b. movements should follow the flow of the jugular veins upward. c. movements should move downward against the flow of the jugular veins. d. movements should flow upward against the flow of the jugular veins.
Answers
When massaging the neck, the movements should follow the flow of the jugular veins upward, option (b) is correct.
The jugular veins carry deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart. By massaging in an upward direction, you can help facilitate blood circulation and lymphatic drainage in the neck area. This can aid in relieving tension, reducing swelling, and promoting relaxation. Gentle upward strokes or circular motions starting from the base of the neck and moving towards the jawline or behind the ears can be effective techniques.
It's important to apply gentle pressure and be cautious of sensitive areas such as the Adam's apple or any inflamed or injured areas. Consulting with a professional massage therapist or healthcare provider can provide further guidance tailored to your specific needs, option (b) is correct.
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The complete question is:
How should the neck be massaged in relation to the flow of blood?
a. movements should follow the flow of the jugular veins downward.
b. movements should follow the flow of the jugular veins upward.
c. movements should move downward against the flow of the jugular veins.
d. movements should flow upward against the flow of the jugular veins.
Which of the following statements is true about arteries?
Arteries are large vessels.
Arteries carry blood from the heart to tissues of the body.
Arteries carry oxygen rich blood, with the exception of pulmonary arteries.
Arteries have thick walls which are needed to withstand pressure produced when the heart pushes blood into them.
None of the above
All of the above
Answers
Answer:
All of the above
Explanation:
Write a paragraph explaining what photosynthesis and cellular respiration are and how they are dependent on one another.
Include the reactants and products of the equations to support your statements. Use a minimum of 5 sentences.
( I need a paragragh )
Answers
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked and necessary for one another in order for most living things to survive.
What is cellular respiration?The metabolic process known as cellular respiration is how cells turn nutrients into ATP for energy (adenosine triphosphate). The Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis are the three key phases of the process.
The process of turning light energy into chemical energy, specifically glucose, while releasing oxygen as a byproduct is known as photosynthesis. The general equation for photosynthesis is C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy. In order to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is utilized for many cellular functions, organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi, break down glucose molecules through a process known as cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is described by the general equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP. As they create a cycle for converting energy, these two processes are interdependent. While the oxygen created by photosynthesis is employed in cellular respiration to break down glucose molecules, the glucose produced by photosynthesis serves as an energy source for the process.
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Summarize the light dependent reaction, first stage of photosynthesis
Answers
Answer:
The first stage of photosynthesis consists of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This portion of photosynthesis requires light energy to occur so it is called light-dependent. First, incoming photons are absorbed by molecules of chlorophyll, which frees an electron from them.
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Explanation:
A. Cas9 unwinds the DNA helix upstream of PAM
B. Cas9 randomly binds to a three-nucleotide sequence called PAM
C. Repair enzymes fix the break in the DNA
D. Cas9’s nuclease activity is activated.
a) A-B-C-D
b) C-B-A-D
c) B-C-A-D
d) D-C-A-B
e) B-A-C-D
f) D-C-B-A
Answers
The correct order of the events that occur when Cas9 is used to edit a gene in DNA is B-C-A-D. In the Cas9 system, the CRISPR RNA (crRNA) component of the ribonucleoprotein complex binds to a complementary sequence of the DNA to be edited.
CRISPR/Cas9 is a genome editing method that enables genes to be modified or inactivated. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is used to remove specific pieces of DNA from the genome. The Cas9 protein uses a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) as a guide to locate the target DNA sequence. Once it finds the target DNA, Cas9 binds to it and cleaves the DNA at a specific location.
The order of the events that occur when Cas9 is used to edit a gene in DNA is as follows: Cas9 randomly binds to a three-nucleotide sequence called PAM. Cas9 unwinds the DNA helix upstream of PAM. Repair enzymes fix the break in the DNA.Cas9’s nuclease activity is activated. Therefore, option (c) B-C-A-D is the correct answer.
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Pls also put this in a graph
Answers
How has the biosphere changed overtime?
Answers
Answer:
Over a long period of time, the atmosphere developed a mix of oxygen and other gases that could sustain new forms of life. The addition of oxygen to the biosphere allowed more complex life-forms to evolve. This exchange of food and energy makes the biosphere a self-supporting and self-regulating system.
Explanation:
What is the primary function of this body system?
Answers
Answer:
C. to transport nutrients and water and oxygen
Explanation:
Answer: C
Explanation: The body system shown is your heart and blood vessels.
Carbon dioxide containing carbon- 14 is intorduced into a balanced aquarium ecosystem after several weeks carbon,- 14 will most likely be present in
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Answer:
In an aquarium ecosystem, carbon dioxide is taken up by photosynthetic organisms such as plants and algae, which use it to build organic molecules. These organisms are then consumed by other organisms in the food chain, leading to a transfer of carbon through the ecosystem.
If carbon dioxide containing carbon-14 is introduced into the ecosystem, it will be taken up by the photosynthetic organisms just like any other carbon dioxide. As these organisms build organic molecules, they will incorporate carbon-14 into their tissues. When these organisms are consumed by other organisms, the carbon-14 will be transferred up the food chain.
After several weeks, it is likely that carbon-14 will be present in all levels of the aquarium ecosystem, from the photosynthetic organisms at the base of the food chain, to the highest level predators. However, the exact amount and distribution of carbon-14 within the ecosystem will depend on factors such as the rates of photosynthesis and respiration, the turnover rates of the different organisms, and the overall structure of the food web.
Explanation:
explain how the genetic information that is stored in DNA becomes a protein that can be used by the cell?
Answers
Answer:
First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA. Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
In transcription, the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages. During translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are 'read' to make specific proteins.
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Answer:
Explanation:
The process of converting genetic information stored in DNA into functional proteins that can be used by cells is known as gene expression. This process is composed of several steps:
Transcription: The first step in gene expression is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA. This is accomplished through the process of transcription, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase reads the DNA code and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Splicing: Before the mRNA molecule is transported out of the nucleus, it may undergo a process called splicing. This process involves the removal of non-coding sequences of the mRNA molecule, leaving only the coding sequence, called exons.
Translation: After the mRNA molecule has been processed and is in the cytoplasm, it is translated into a protein by ribosomes. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons (groups of three nucleotides) in the mRNA molecule and uses this information to assemble a chain of amino acids. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a functional protein.
Post-translational modification: Once the protein is produced, it may undergo further modification, such as folding into its final 3D shape or modification by the addition of chemical groups. These modifications are important for the proper functioning of the protein.
In summary, gene expression is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, processed, and then translated into functional proteins in the cytoplasm. These proteins carry out the functions that are essential for the survival and functioning of cells.
The velocity of blood flow is lowest in capillaries because:
A. The capillaries walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells.
B. The capillaries are far from the heart and blood flow slows as the distance from the heart increases.
C. The diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate.
D. The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
Answers
The velocity of blood flow is lowest in capillaries because: The total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. The correct option is D.
Blood flow velocity and total blood vessel cross-sectional area are inversely related. The velocity of flow reduces as the vessels' overall cross-sectional area grows. The capillaries, where blood flow is the slowest, provide time for the exchange of gases and nutrients.
Therefore, "The overall cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other portion of the circulatory system" is the right response.
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Explain how neurons produce and transmit information, noting: Na , K , resting potential, and action potential.
Answers
The neurons transmit information with the help of sodium potassium pump.
What is Sodium Potassium Pump?The sodium-potassium pump is a protein that has been found in many cells and is responsible for keeping the internal concentration of sodium ions [Na+] lower than that of the surrounding medium (blood, body fluid, or water) and the internal concentration of potassium ions [K+] higher than that of the surrounding medium (blood, body fluid, or water). The adenosine-triphosphatase (ATPase)-active pump moves across the cell membrane and is triggered by both internal [Na+] and external [K+]. This enzyme pumps K+ inward and Na+ outward using metabolic energy. The steady state differential in Na+ and K+ concentrations maintained by the pump is essential for maintaining the resting potential of cells and associated bioelectric phenomena like the action potential. There have also been discovered additional ion pumps that transfer various ions.
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Which scenario correctly describes an interaction between the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere? A. a volcanic eruption produces carbon dioxide gas which is absorbed by an ocean.
B. Plants are eaten by primary consumers and converted to cellular energy through the process of cellular respiration.
C.Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and the energy from the sun to carry out the process of photosynthesis.
D.Ash from a volcanic eruption eventually settles into a layer in the Arctic where it is covered by new snowfall and is incorporated into a glacier.
Answers
Answer:
C. Plants use water, carbon dioxide, and the energy from the sun to carry out the process of photosynthesis.
Explanation:
In this scenario, the geosphere is represented by the plants, which are rooted in the Earth's surface. The hydrosphere is represented by the water that the plants use, and the atmosphere is represented by the carbon dioxide that the plants take in through photosynthesis. This interaction involves the exchange of matter and energy between the three spheres, with the plants using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to produce energy and oxygen.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the human genome?
It is comprised of 46 pairs of chromosomes.
Roughly 2% of the entire genome encodes exons that are translated into proteins.
As the most advanced organism, it has more DNA than any other known species. It consists of a singular, long DNA molecule connected at the ends to form a circle.
ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE.
Answers
The true statement about the human genome is that "Roughly 2% of the entire genome encodes exons that are translated into proteins".
A human genome is the collection of genetic information that governs all life activities in human beings. Human DNA contains about 3 billion nucleotide pairs, and it has approximately 20,000-25,000 genes, which are located on chromosomes within the nucleus.
The following is a list of some facts about the human genome: It is comprised of 46 pairs of chromosomes. Roughly 2% of the entire genome encodes exons that are translated into proteins.
The human genome is smaller than the genome of some other organisms. As per the given statements, it is clear that ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE. But since we are looking for only one statement that is true, then the correct statement is "Roughly 2% of the entire genome encodes exons that are translated into proteins."
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Which trait is common to rocks formed from magma trapped inside a volcano?
o less dense
O fine crystals
O coarse texture
O quickly cooled
Answers
Hey! The answer to your question is going to be C, coarse texture. Hope this helps!
The trait that is common to rocks formed from magma trapped inside a volcano is coarse texture. The correct option is c.
What is a volcano?Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling down of hot Lava and Magma that comes out of volcanoes. Because of how hot it is deep below the Earth, some rocks slowly melt and turn into lava, a viscous fluid.
Since magma is lighter than the surrounding solid rock, it rises and gathers in magma chambers. Some of the magma eventually surges through fissures and vents to the Earth's surface.
Magma clings onto the Earth's surface rather than becoming “stuck” there, and when it reaches that area of the planet, it begins to cool and become an extrusive rock.
Therefore, the correct option is c. coarse texture.
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Which condition is a biotic factor of an aquarium ecosystem?
algae growing on the glass
amount of oxygen in the water
temperature of the water
gravel on the bottom of the aquarium
Answers
Answer:
algae growing on the glass
Answer:
algae growing on the glass
Explanation:
algae is living so it would be considered a biotic factor.
is fertilization and pollination is the same
Answers
Explanation:
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from
an anther to a stigma . Pollen can be transferred
by an animal or by the wind. Fertilization takes
place inside the ovary when the nucleus
of pollen grains fuses with the nucleus of
an ovule to produce a zygote
Answer:
The major difference between pollination and fertilization is that pollinations pollens transfer from one flower to another. Whereas, in fertilization place after pollination is tranferred successfully
What structure of the endocrine system releases insulin if blood sugar levels get too high?
A. Thyroid
B. Adrenal Gland
C. Thymus
D. Pancreas
Answers
Answer:
The answer is Pancreas.
It releases two types of hormone that is insulin and glucagon.Insulin and glucagon are opposite in function. Insulin decreases the glucose level in blood whereas glucagon increases glucose level in blood.
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rna processing converts the rna transcript into _____.
Answers
Answer:
It converts RNA transcript into mRNA!
Explanation:
If you follow the steps of the Protein Synthesis, this will make sense (this is just a brief overview of it). So, you want to go from DNA --> RNA --> Protein. First, we start out with DNA that is inside the nucleus. From there, the DNA gets transcribed (transcription) into RNA (still in the nucleus). Next, the RNA gets spliced and synthesized into mRNA. mRNA gets exported from inside the nucleus to the outside of it through a nuclear pore and is now residing in the cytoplasm. Then, it gets translated (translation) into an amino acid chain. Finally, the a.a. chain will be synthesized into a protein.
Describe how the science of geology has changed
Answers
Answer: Some changes are due to slow processes, such as erosion and weathering, and some changes are due to rapid processes, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes” and collisions by large meteorites with the earth.
Explanation:
The science of geology has been changed and it includes few changes were due to the slow processes, such as the erosion as well as weathering, and some changes were due to rapid processes, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes” and collisions by the large meteorites with the earth.
What is paleogeology?The term paleogeology has been defined as the historical geology which will be termed as the paleogeology. It has deals with the study of the principles and techniques that was used during the historic times. The discovery of large number of techniques and these are such as radioactivity and the several dating techniques helped in the knowing of previous events that has been happened in the history of the earth.
The maritime science and the environmental science both are more focused on the life and interaction of various parts of ocean, and less on the form of the rocks as it has an fact a sub-discipline of both geology and eceanography.
Therefore, The science of geology has been changed and it includes few changes were due to the slow processes, such as the erosion as well as weathering, and some changes were due to rapid processes, such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes” and collisions by the large meteorites with the earth.
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in many animals, glucose rather than starch is transported by the blood through the body to all of the cells. Starches in many foods are digested to yield glucose. Based on what you learned in this laboratory activity, explain why the digestion of starch to glucose is necessary
Answers
Answer: Starch is too big and insoluble to be used itself unless it is broken down into glucose.
Explanation: Starch is too insoluble to be used for the body. Starch is therefore broken down (or digested) into glucose. Glucose is used for many metabolic reactions (such as respiration) to provide energy for the body.